Seasonal dynamics of litterfall of a Castanopsis kawakamii evergreen broadleaf forest in mid-subtropical China and their influencing factors

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0069

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Litterfall plays a pivotal role in nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The yield and composition of litterfall typically exhibit seasonal variations in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests, however, the mechanisms underlying the patterns are largely unknown.

Methods Evergreen broadleaf forests were taken as the research object in the Castanopsis kawakamii nature reserve in Sanming, Fujian Province. The litterfall yield and environmental factors were monitored every month during 2018-2022.

Important findings Our results showed that 1) The annual litterfall yield ranged from 4 949.17 to 6 873.45 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, with leaves accounting for 66.63% of the litterfall. The yield of litterfall components ranked as leaves (66.63%) > miscellany (16.07%) > branches (12.78%) > fruit (4.64%). 2) The seasonal dynamics of total litterfall yield exhibited a trimodal pattern during the year, with the first peak observed from March to May, the second peak observed from July to August, and the third peak found from September to December. Leaf litterfall and fruit litterfall displayed bimodal patterns during the year, with leaf litterfall peaking at April and August, and fruit litterfall peaking at March and December, respectively. The seasonal dynamics of branch litterfall and debris litterfall showed trimodal patterns, with branch litterfall peaking in May, August, and December. Debris litterfall peaked in April, August, and December. 3) Random forest models indicated that the primary environmental factors affecting the seasonal dynamics of litterfall were monthly precipitation, air temperature, and daytime rain duration. The litterfall yield decreased with increasing daytime rain duration and soil moisture during March to May, while it increased with increasing soil moisture and daytime photosynthetically active radiation from July to August. Overall, precipitation and the timing of rainfall events play direct and indirect roles in influencing the litterfall yield and seasonal dynamics in the evergreen broadleaf forests in the mid-subtropical region.

Key words: litterfall, seasonal dynamics, precipitation, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, random forest model

LAN Guang-Fei, ZHANG Qiang, CHEN Xiang-Biao, CHEN Shi-Dong, XIONG De-Cheng, LIU Xiao-Fei, YANG Zhi-Jie, YANG Yu-Sheng. Seasonal dynamics of litterfall of a Castanopsis kawakamii evergreen broadleaf forest in mid-subtropical China and their influencing factors[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(12): 1589-1601.

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Figures/Tables 8

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年份 Year	落叶 Leaf	落枝 Branch	落果 Fruit	碎屑 Miscellany	年总凋落量 Annual litterfall
2018	4 952.64 ± 121.53^Aa (72.05)	723.01 ± 22.74^Ac (10.52)	201.54 ± 13.80^BCd (2.93)	996.25 ± 30.62^Ab (14.49)	6 873.45 ± 173.69^A
2019	3 416.07 ± 118.90^Ba (63.75)	723.41 ± 19.59^Ac (13.50)	248.06 ± 16.09^Bd (4.63)	971.15 ± 30.01^Ab (18.12)	5 358.93 ± 166.24^B
2020	3 379.24 ± 43.53^Ba (67.70)	692.91 ± 16.04^Ac (13.88)	144.19 ± 6.04^Dd (2.89)	774.93 ± 17.56^Cb (15.53)	4 991.28 ± 71.38^B
2021	3 498.42 ± 116.98^Ba (66.98)	640.16 ± 34.57^Bc (12.26)	190.48 ± 7.30^BCd (3.65)	893.85 ± 21.53^Bb (17.11)	5 222.92 ± 158.72^B
2022	3 007.27 ± 66.33^Ca (60.73)	721.77 ± 24.05^Ab (14.58)	487.49 ± 56.76^Ac (9.85)	767.28 ± 29.35^Cb (14.58)	4 949.17 ± 115.20^B
平均 Mean	3 650.73 ± 80.27 (66.63)	700.25 ± 11.09 (12.78)	254.35 ± 17.11 (4.64)	880.69 ± 15.02 (16.07)	5 479.15 ± 95.02

年份 Year	落叶 Leaf	落枝 Branch	落果 Fruit	碎屑 Miscellany	年总凋落量 Annual litterfall
2018	4 952.64 ± 121.53^Aa (72.05)	723.01 ± 22.74^Ac (10.52)	201.54 ± 13.80^BCd (2.93)	996.25 ± 30.62^Ab (14.49)	6 873.45 ± 173.69^A
2019	3 416.07 ± 118.90^Ba (63.75)	723.41 ± 19.59^Ac (13.50)	248.06 ± 16.09^Bd (4.63)	971.15 ± 30.01^Ab (18.12)	5 358.93 ± 166.24^B
2020	3 379.24 ± 43.53^Ba (67.70)	692.91 ± 16.04^Ac (13.88)	144.19 ± 6.04^Dd (2.89)	774.93 ± 17.56^Cb (15.53)	4 991.28 ± 71.38^B
2021	3 498.42 ± 116.98^Ba (66.98)	640.16 ± 34.57^Bc (12.26)	190.48 ± 7.30^BCd (3.65)	893.85 ± 21.53^Bb (17.11)	5 222.92 ± 158.72^B
2022	3 007.27 ± 66.33^Ca (60.73)	721.77 ± 24.05^Ab (14.58)	487.49 ± 56.76^Ac (9.85)	767.28 ± 29.35^Cb (14.58)	4 949.17 ± 115.20^B
平均 Mean	3 650.73 ± 80.27 (66.63)	700.25 ± 11.09 (12.78)	254.35 ± 17.11 (4.64)	880.69 ± 15.02 (16.07)	5 479.15 ± 95.02

组分 Composition	模型 Model	均方误差 MSE	残差标准误差 RSE	a₁	b₁	c₁	a₂	b₂	c₂	a₃	b₃	c₃
总量 Total	三峰高斯模型^Trimodal Gaussian model^	39 912.14	216.72	1 022.45	3.73	1.04	695.61	7.58	0.30	302.64	9.18	4.24
总量 Total	双峰高斯模型 Bimodal Gaussian model	42 971.25	218.54	973.05	3.65	0.94	411.45	7.82	3.45
落叶 Leaf	三峰高斯模型 Trimodal Gaussian model	19 857.71	151.78	819.82	3.67	0.98	43.46	7.99	0.18	237.63	8.28	2.89
落叶 Leaf	双峰高斯模型^Bimodal Gaussian model^	19 660.90	147.87	826.80	3.67	0.98	252.81	8.26	2.71
落枝 Branch	三峰高斯模型^Trimodal Gaussian model^	1 206.75	37.68	115.99	4.88	1.19	147.19	7.68	0.55	38.89	12.46	2.41
落枝 Branch	双峰高斯模型 Bimodal Gaussian model	1 584.38	41.96	54.91	4.98	0.17	92.78	6.53	2.81
落果 Fruit	三峰高斯模型 Trimodal Gaussian model	2 656.80	55.91	76.71	3.00	0.21	48.65	8.27	0.31	142.43	11.60	0.40
落果 Fruit	双峰高斯模型^Bimodal Gaussian model^	2 650.22	55.28	76.97	3.02	0.21	147.67	11.59	0.39
碎屑 Miscellany	三峰高斯模型^Trimodal Gaussian model^	1 437.45	41.12	180.09	3.75	1.01	100.46	7.62	1.22	47.73	11.81	1.17
碎屑 Miscellany	双峰高斯模型 Bimodal Gaussian model	1 569.29	41.76	143.64	3.62	0.69	78.06	6.95	3.47

组分 Composition	模型 Model	均方误差 MSE	残差标准误差 RSE	a₁	b₁	c₁	a₂	b₂	c₂	a₃	b₃	c₃
总量 Total	三峰高斯模型^Trimodal Gaussian model^	39 912.14	216.72	1 022.45	3.73	1.04	695.61	7.58	0.30	302.64	9.18	4.24
总量 Total	双峰高斯模型 Bimodal Gaussian model	42 971.25	218.54	973.05	3.65	0.94	411.45	7.82	3.45
落叶 Leaf	三峰高斯模型 Trimodal Gaussian model	19 857.71	151.78	819.82	3.67	0.98	43.46	7.99	0.18	237.63	8.28	2.89
落叶 Leaf	双峰高斯模型^Bimodal Gaussian model^	19 660.90	147.87	826.80	3.67	0.98	252.81	8.26	2.71
落枝 Branch	三峰高斯模型^Trimodal Gaussian model^	1 206.75	37.68	115.99	4.88	1.19	147.19	7.68	0.55	38.89	12.46	2.41
落枝 Branch	双峰高斯模型 Bimodal Gaussian model	1 584.38	41.96	54.91	4.98	0.17	92.78	6.53	2.81
落果 Fruit	三峰高斯模型 Trimodal Gaussian model	2 656.80	55.91	76.71	3.00	0.21	48.65	8.27	0.31	142.43	11.60	0.40
落果 Fruit	双峰高斯模型^Bimodal Gaussian model^	2 650.22	55.28	76.97	3.02	0.21	147.67	11.59	0.39
碎屑 Miscellany	三峰高斯模型^Trimodal Gaussian model^	1 437.45	41.12	180.09	3.75	1.01	100.46	7.62	1.22	47.73	11.81	1.17
碎屑 Miscellany	双峰高斯模型 Bimodal Gaussian model	1 569.29	41.76	143.64	3.62	0.69	78.06	6.95	3.47

地区 Region	森林优势种 Forest dominant species	季节动态类型 Seasonal dynamic model	第一次高峰 The first peak	第二次高峰 The second peak	第三次高峰 The third peak	文献 Reference
福建三明 Sanming, Fujian	格氏栲 Castanopsis kawakamii	三峰型 Trimodal (n = 3)	4月 April (2 561.0)^*	8月 August (756.1)	10月 October (544.7)	Yang et al., 2004
	木荚红豆 Ormosia xylocarpa	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 3)	3月 March (1 678.5)^*	8月 August (661.2)	10月 October (561.3)	Yang et al., 2004
	米槠 Castanopsis carlesii	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 1)	4月 April (934.3)	7月 July (1 058.3)^*		Wu et al., 2014
福建建瓯万木林 Wanmulin, Jian’ou, Fujian	木荷 Schima superba	三峰型 Trimodal (n = 2)	3月 March (1 059.6)^*	8月 August (344.8)	10月 October (369.9)	Yang et al., 2010
福建建瓯万木林 Wanmulin, Jian’ou, Fujian	细柄蕈树 Altingia gracilipes	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 3)	4月 April (1 382.7)^*	8月 August (468.1)		Guo et al., 2006
浙江宁波天童山 Tiantong Mountain, Ningbo, Zhejiang	栲-木荷 Castanopsis fargesii - Schima superba	三峰型 Trimodal (n = 2)	5月 May (1 669.3)	8月 August (1 853.7)^*	11月 November (916.3)	Deng et al., 2017
浙江舟山普陀山岛 Putuo Mountain Island, Zhoushan, Zhejiang	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 1)	4月 April (954.4)^*	7月 July (561.4)		Song et al., 2016
浙江舟山普陀山岛 Putuo Mountain Island, Zhoushan, Zhejiang	天竺桂-红楠 Cinnamomum japonicum - Machilus thunbergii	三峰型 Trimodal (n = 1)	5月 May (454.7)	7月 July (842.1)^*	10月 October (342.5)	Song et al., 2016
浙江衢州古田山 Gutian Mountain, Quzhou, Zhejiang	甜槠 Castanopsis eyrei	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 1)	4月 April (1 550.5)^*	11月 November (1 523.0)		Wang et al., 2013
广东肇庆鼎湖山 Dinghu Mountain, Zhaoqing, Guangdong	锥栗-厚壳桂-木荷 Castanea henryi - Cryptocarya chinensis - Schima superba	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 1)	5月 May (1 084.8)	8月 August (1 089.8)^*		Guan et al., 2004
湖北神农架 Shennongjia, Hubei	宜昌润楠-青冈-川钓樟 Machilus ichangensis - Cyclobalanopsis glauca - Lindera pulcherrim	三峰型 Trimodal (n = 2)	4月 April (2 465.6)^*	8月 August (1 101.9)	11月 November (1 336.1)	Liu et al., 2012
湖南长沙大山冲 Dashanchong, Changsha, Hunan	石栎-青冈 Lithocarpus glaber - Cyclobalanopsis glauca	三峰型 Trimodal (n = 1)	3月 March (1 102.4)^*	6月 June (874.0)	9月 September (1 000.0)	Guo et al., 2015
湖南怀化 Huaihua, Hunan	栲-青冈-刨花润楠 Castanopsis fargesii - Cyclobalanopsis glauca - Machilus pauhoi	三峰型 Trimodal (n = 11)	5月 May (1 014.1)^*	11月 November (542.7)		Guan et al., 2021
江西庐山 Lushan, Jiangxi	常绿阔叶树 Evergreen broadleaf forest	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 1)	4月 April (740.8)^*	10月 October (538.0)		Qiu et al., 2023
重庆北碚缙云山 Jinyun Mountain, Beibei, Chongqing	栲 Castanopsis fargesii	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 1)	5月 May (368.6)^*	11月 November (134.6)		Wei & Zhao, 2020
	润楠 Machilus nanmu	单峰型 Unimodal (n = 1)	4月 April (159.4)^*			Wei & Zhao, 2020
四川都江堰 Dujiangyan, Sichuan	栲-青冈 Castanopsis fargesii - Cyclobalanopsis glauca	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 1)	5月 May (2 311.9)^*	10月 October (1 623.9)		Wang et al., 2013
云南哀牢山 Ailao Mountain, Yunnan	常绿阔叶树 Evergreen broadleaf forest	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 11)	4月 April (1 850.0)^*	11月 November (920.0)		Dai et al., 2023
	腾冲栲 Castanopsis wattii	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 1)	4月 April (1 668.8)	11月 November (2 458.6) ^*		Zhou et al., 2015
云南新平磨盘山 Mopan Mountain, Xinping, Yunnan	常绿阔叶树 Evergreen broadleaf forest	双峰型 Bimodal (n = 1)	5月 May (155.4)^*	8月 August (74.8)		Xing et al., 2021