Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2011, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (2): 137-146.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00137
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LONG Wen-Xing1, DING Yi1, ZANG Run-Guo1,*(), YANG Min2, CHEN Shao-Wei2
Received:
2010-07-21
Accepted:
2010-11-29
Online:
2011-07-21
Published:
2011-01-21
Contact:
ZANG Run-Guo
LONG Wen-Xing, DING Yi, ZANG Run-Guo, YANG Min, CHEN Shao-Wei. Environmental characteristics of tropical cloud forests in the rainy season in Bawangling National Nature Reserve on Hainan Island, South China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2011, 35(2): 137-146.
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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00137
研究样地 Study site | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 郁闭度 Canopy density | 平均树高 Mean tree height (m) | 植株密度 Stem density (stems·100 m-2) | 基面积 Basal area (m2·100 m-2) | 物种丰富度 Species richness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
热带山地常绿林 TMEF | 1 200 ± 4.34 | >0.7 | 5.55 ± 0.59 | 52.2 ± 6.4 | 0.43 ± 0.16 | 18.6 ± 2.3 |
热带山顶矮林 TMDF | 1 300 ± 8.52 | 0.5-0.7 | 4.01 ± 0.58 | 115.3 ± 24.5 | 0.25 ± 0.09 | 29.7 ± 1.5 |
Table 1 Comparison of study sites between tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF) (mean ± SD)
研究样地 Study site | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 郁闭度 Canopy density | 平均树高 Mean tree height (m) | 植株密度 Stem density (stems·100 m-2) | 基面积 Basal area (m2·100 m-2) | 物种丰富度 Species richness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
热带山地常绿林 TMEF | 1 200 ± 4.34 | >0.7 | 5.55 ± 0.59 | 52.2 ± 6.4 | 0.43 ± 0.16 | 18.6 ± 2.3 |
热带山顶矮林 TMDF | 1 300 ± 8.52 | 0.5-0.7 | 4.01 ± 0.58 | 115.3 ± 24.5 | 0.25 ± 0.09 | 29.7 ± 1.5 |
Fig. 1 Comparisons in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), mean daily air temperature and air relative humidity between tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF) (mean ± SE). A, Photosynthetically active radiation. B, Mean daily air temperature. C, Mean daily relative humidity. Different letters (a, b) indicate significant difference at p < 0.05.
土壤因子 Soil factor | 植被类型 Forest type | 土壤因子 Soil factor | 植被类型 Forest type | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
热带山地常绿林 TMEF | 热带山顶矮林 TMDF | 热带山地常绿林 TMEF | 热带山顶矮林 TMDF | |||
全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1) | 2.25 ± 0.59a | 1.15 ± 0.38b | 有效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg-1) | 21.97 ± 1.39a | 31.97 ± 13.79a | |
全磷 Total phosphorous (g·kg-1) | 0.79 ± 0.14a | 0.49 ± 0.32b | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | 64.87 ± 22.23a | 36.71 ± 12.99b | |
全钾 Total potassium (g·kg-1) | 12.68 ± 1.67b | 65.31 ± 12.50a | pH | 4.44 ± 0.29a | 3.96 ± 0.19b | |
速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 153.02 ± 28.10a | 84.50 ± 15.44b | 腐殖质厚度 Humus thickness (cm) | 8.75 ± 0.67a | 9.15 ± 1.22a | |
有效磷 Available phosphorous (mg·kg-1) | 11.00 ± 1.65b | 19.46 ± 4.25a | 土壤厚度 Soil thickness (cm) | 65.35 ± 8.63a | 54.90 ± 8.55b |
Table 2 Comparison in soil factors between tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF) (mean ± SD)
土壤因子 Soil factor | 植被类型 Forest type | 土壤因子 Soil factor | 植被类型 Forest type | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
热带山地常绿林 TMEF | 热带山顶矮林 TMDF | 热带山地常绿林 TMEF | 热带山顶矮林 TMDF | |||
全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1) | 2.25 ± 0.59a | 1.15 ± 0.38b | 有效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg-1) | 21.97 ± 1.39a | 31.97 ± 13.79a | |
全磷 Total phosphorous (g·kg-1) | 0.79 ± 0.14a | 0.49 ± 0.32b | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | 64.87 ± 22.23a | 36.71 ± 12.99b | |
全钾 Total potassium (g·kg-1) | 12.68 ± 1.67b | 65.31 ± 12.50a | pH | 4.44 ± 0.29a | 3.96 ± 0.19b | |
速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 153.02 ± 28.10a | 84.50 ± 15.44b | 腐殖质厚度 Humus thickness (cm) | 8.75 ± 0.67a | 9.15 ± 1.22a | |
有效磷 Available phosphorous (mg·kg-1) | 11.00 ± 1.65b | 19.46 ± 4.25a | 土壤厚度 Soil thickness (cm) | 65.35 ± 8.63a | 54.90 ± 8.55b |
Fig. 2 Comparison in topographic conditions between tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF).A, Slope. B, Coverage of exposed rock. C, Altitude. Different letters (a, b) above the boxplot indicate significant difference at p < 0.05.
Fig. 3 Biplot of principal component analysis (PCA) showing changes in environmental variables across tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF).AK, available potassium; Alt, altitude; AN, available nitrogen; AP, available phosphorus; CER, coverage of exposed rock; HT, humus thickness; OM, organic matter; PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; RH, mean daily air relative humidity; Slo, slope gradient; ST, soil thickness; Tem, mean daily air temperature; TK, total potassium; TN, total nitrogen; TP, total phosphorus.
环境变量 Environmental variables | PCA1 | PCA2 | PCA3 | PCA4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
海拔高度 Altitude (m) | 0.86 | 0.23 | -0.32 | 0.07 |
日平均空气相对湿度 Mean daily air relative humidity (%) | 0.85 | -0.10 | -0.45 | -0.01 |
日平均空气温度 Mean daily air temperature (℃) | -0.98 | -0.07 | -0.12 | -0.004 |
坡度 Slope gradient (o) | 0.90 | -0.01 | 0.34 | 0.11 |
岩石裸露比例 Coverage of exposed rock (%) | 0.92 | -0.09 | -0.28 | 0.06 |
土壤厚度 Soil thickness (cm) | -0.48 | -0.58 | 0.34 | 0.23 |
腐殖质厚度 Humus thickness (cm) | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.46 | 0.17 |
光合有效辐射 Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR (μmol?m-2?s-1) | 0.49 | -0.76 | -0.15 | 0.04 |
全氮 Total nitrogen (g?kg-1) | -0.78 | 0.08 | -0.27 | 0.25 |
全磷 Total phosphorus (g?kg-1) | -0.42 | 0.53 | -0.53 | 0.30 |
全钾 Total potassium (g?kg-1) | 0.87 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.001 |
速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg?kg-1) | -0.45 | -0.01 | -0.15 | -0.51 |
有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg?kg-1) | 0.90 | -0.14 | -0.33 | -0.002 |
有效钾 Available potassium (mg?kg-1) | 0.61 | -0.08 | -0.16 | 0.11 |
有机质 Organic matter (g?kg-1) | -0.65 | -0.31 | -0.07 | 0.43 |
pH | -0.75 | 0.24 | -0.05 | 0.04 |
特征值 Eigenvalue | 8.76 | 1.80 | 1.49 | 1.11 |
方差比例 Proportion of variance | 0.547 | 0.113 | 0.090 | 0.070 |
累积方差比例 Proportion of cumulative variance | 0.547 | 0.660 | 0.753 | 0.822 |
Table 3 The loadings and explained variance of environmental variables in the first two axes in principal component analysis (PCA)
环境变量 Environmental variables | PCA1 | PCA2 | PCA3 | PCA4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
海拔高度 Altitude (m) | 0.86 | 0.23 | -0.32 | 0.07 |
日平均空气相对湿度 Mean daily air relative humidity (%) | 0.85 | -0.10 | -0.45 | -0.01 |
日平均空气温度 Mean daily air temperature (℃) | -0.98 | -0.07 | -0.12 | -0.004 |
坡度 Slope gradient (o) | 0.90 | -0.01 | 0.34 | 0.11 |
岩石裸露比例 Coverage of exposed rock (%) | 0.92 | -0.09 | -0.28 | 0.06 |
土壤厚度 Soil thickness (cm) | -0.48 | -0.58 | 0.34 | 0.23 |
腐殖质厚度 Humus thickness (cm) | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.46 | 0.17 |
光合有效辐射 Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR (μmol?m-2?s-1) | 0.49 | -0.76 | -0.15 | 0.04 |
全氮 Total nitrogen (g?kg-1) | -0.78 | 0.08 | -0.27 | 0.25 |
全磷 Total phosphorus (g?kg-1) | -0.42 | 0.53 | -0.53 | 0.30 |
全钾 Total potassium (g?kg-1) | 0.87 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.001 |
速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg?kg-1) | -0.45 | -0.01 | -0.15 | -0.51 |
有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg?kg-1) | 0.90 | -0.14 | -0.33 | -0.002 |
有效钾 Available potassium (mg?kg-1) | 0.61 | -0.08 | -0.16 | 0.11 |
有机质 Organic matter (g?kg-1) | -0.65 | -0.31 | -0.07 | 0.43 |
pH | -0.75 | 0.24 | -0.05 | 0.04 |
特征值 Eigenvalue | 8.76 | 1.80 | 1.49 | 1.11 |
方差比例 Proportion of variance | 0.547 | 0.113 | 0.090 | 0.070 |
累积方差比例 Proportion of cumulative variance | 0.547 | 0.660 | 0.753 | 0.822 |
Fig. 4 Correlation among environmental conditions in both tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF), indicating correlation coefficients of environmental factors and their significance. The figure was obtained with correlation analysis after combining environmental data of TMEF and TMDF.AK, available potassium (mg·kg-1); Alt, altitude (m); AN, available nitrogen (mg·kg-1); AP, available phosphorous (mg·kg-1); CER, coverage of exposed rock (%); HT, humus thickness (cm); OM, organic matter (g·kg-1); PAR, photosynthetically active radiation (μmol ? m-2 ? s-1); RH, mean daily air relative humidity (%); Slo, slope gradient (o); ST, soil thickness (cm); Tem, mean daily air temperature (℃); TK, total potassium (g·kg-1); TN, total nitrogen (g·kg-1); TP, total phosphorus (g·kg-1). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; figures without * indicate p > 0.05.
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