Applying generalized additive model to integrate digital elevation model and remotely sensed data to predict the vegetation distribution

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.01106

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to integrate vegetation survey data, remotely sensed data and environmental data based on generalized additive model to map vegetation and investigate whether coupling remotely sensed data and environmental data could improve the performance of generalized additive model.
Methods Altitude, slope, nearest distance to coastline, nearest distance to the Yellow River and spectral variables were selected as predictive variables. Generalized additive model was employed to describe the relation between the vegetation and predictive variables. Deviance (D ²) was employed to test the goodness of curve fitting, and a probability map of each vegetation type produced by the fitted generalized additive model was assessed by cross-validation of receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Vegetation type of each grid cell was determined according to the maps of probability. We validated the final predicted vegetation type map by comparing the predicted vegetation type map with vegetation survey data.
Important findings Results indicated that integrating field sampling, digital elevation model and remotely sensed data based on generalized additive model was feasible to map vegetation. Coupling environmental variables and spectral variables improved the performance of generalized additive model. Prediction accuracy varied according to the plant community type, and plant community with dense cover was better predicted than sparse plant community. The selected generalized additive models for each vegetation type indicated that both environmental variables and spectral variables were important factors for predicting vegetation distribution. Drop contribution calculation indicated that the contribution of the same predictive variable for different vegetation types was different. This can be explained by the different spectral and environmental characteristics of vegetation types. The contribution of each predictive variable for the same vegetation type varied according to the modeling scene. This might be explained by the coupling effects of environmental variables and spectral variables.

Key words: area under curve (AUC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), receiver operating characteristic (ROC)

SONG Chuang-Ye, LIU Hui-Ming, LIU Gao-Huan, HUANG Chong. Applying generalized additive model to integrate digital elevation model and remotely sensed data to predict the vegetation distribution[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2012, 36(10): 1106-1119.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.01106

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2012/V36/I10/1106

Figures/Tables 10

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变量 Variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community
海拔 Altitude (m)	2.31 ± 0.91^a	1.42 ± 0.50^b	1.72 ± 0.77^c
坡度 Slope (°)	0.06 ± 0.06^b	0.04 ± 0.04^a	0.04 ± 0.04^a
至海岸线最近距离 Nearest distance to coastline (km)	11.62 ± 6.73^a	11.97 ± 4.07^a	10.55 ± 6.39^b
至黄河最近距离 Nearest distance to the Yellow River (km)	28.00 ± 9.03^a	24.76 ± 6.06^b	29.40 ± 6.00^c
短波红外波段灰度值 Digital number of short infrared band	77.63 ± 9.77^a	67.66 ± 11.43^b	79.41 ± 14.65^c
红波段灰度值 Digital number of visible red band	69.60 ± 9.49^a	59.95 ± 7.17^b	75.31 ± 13.88^c
近红外波段灰度值 Digital number of near infrared band	66.37 ± 8.52^a	71.80 ± 9.10^b	70.31 ± 9.87^c
绿波段灰度值 Digital number of visible green band	76.47 ± 5.66^a	71.62 ± 4.50^b	79.24 ± 7.03^c
归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index	124.54 ± 12.09^a	138.78 ± 11.87^b	123.65 ± 15.46^c

变量 Variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community
海拔 Altitude (m)	2.31 ± 0.91^a	1.42 ± 0.50^b	1.72 ± 0.77^c
坡度 Slope (°)	0.06 ± 0.06^b	0.04 ± 0.04^a	0.04 ± 0.04^a
至海岸线最近距离 Nearest distance to coastline (km)	11.62 ± 6.73^a	11.97 ± 4.07^a	10.55 ± 6.39^b
至黄河最近距离 Nearest distance to the Yellow River (km)	28.00 ± 9.03^a	24.76 ± 6.06^b	29.40 ± 6.00^c
短波红外波段灰度值 Digital number of short infrared band	77.63 ± 9.77^a	67.66 ± 11.43^b	79.41 ± 14.65^c
红波段灰度值 Digital number of visible red band	69.60 ± 9.49^a	59.95 ± 7.17^b	75.31 ± 13.88^c
近红外波段灰度值 Digital number of near infrared band	66.37 ± 8.52^a	71.80 ± 9.10^b	70.31 ± 9.87^c
绿波段灰度值 Digital number of visible green band	76.47 ± 5.66^a	71.62 ± 4.50^b	79.24 ± 7.03^c
归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index	124.54 ± 12.09^a	138.78 ± 11.87^b	123.65 ± 15.46^c

预测变量 Predictive variables	植被类型 Vegetation type	样本数 Number of samples	模型 Model	AUC	D²
环境变量 Environmental variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	56	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DR, 4)	0.863	0.36
	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	48	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DR, 4) + s (DC, 4)	0.900	0.44
	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community	20	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DR, 4) + s (DC, 4)	0.795	0.20
光谱变量 Spectral variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	56	s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DN_VG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4)	0.842	0.291
	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	48	s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DNVG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4)	0.855	0.335
	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community	20	s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DN_VG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4)	0.797	0.268
环境变量+光谱变量 Environmental variable + spectral variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	56	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DN_VG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4) + s (DR, 4) + s (DC, 4)	0.938	0.561
	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	48	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DN_VG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4) + s (DR, 4) + s (DC, 4)	0.941	0.554
	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community	20	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DN_VG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4) + s (DR, 4) + s (DC, 4)	0.884	0.412

预测变量 Predictive variables	植被类型 Vegetation type	样本数 Number of samples	模型 Model	AUC	D²
环境变量 Environmental variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	56	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DR, 4)	0.863	0.36
	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	48	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DR, 4) + s (DC, 4)	0.900	0.44
	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community	20	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DR, 4) + s (DC, 4)	0.795	0.20
光谱变量 Spectral variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	56	s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DN_VG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4)	0.842	0.291
	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	48	s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DNVG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4)	0.855	0.335
	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community	20	s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DN_VG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4)	0.797	0.268
环境变量+光谱变量 Environmental variable + spectral variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	56	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DN_VG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4) + s (DR, 4) + s (DC, 4)	0.938	0.561
	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	48	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DN_VG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4) + s (DR, 4) + s (DC, 4)	0.941	0.554
	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community	20	s (SP, 4) + s (ALT, 4) + s (DN_SIR, 4) + s (DN_VR, 4) + s (DN_NIR, 4) + s (DN_VG, 4) + s (NDVI, 4) + s (DR, 4) + s (DC, 4)	0.884	0.412

预测变量 Predictive variables		坡度 Slope	海拔 Altitude	至海岸线最近距离 Nearest distance to coastline	至黄河最近距离 Nearest distance to the Yellow River	短波红外波段灰度值 Digital number of short infrared band	红波段灰度值 Digital number of visible red band	近红外波段灰度值 Digital number near infrared band	绿波段灰度值 Digital number of visible green band	归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index
环境变量 Environmental variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	49.5	248.1	-	171.6	-	-	-	-	-
	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	130.1	83.5	96.9	228.3	-	-	-	-	-
	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community	36.4	116.8	74.9	175.5	-	-	-	-	-
光谱变量 Spectral variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	-	-	-	-	91.1	70.9	16.2	59.2	23.4
	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	-	-	-	-	38.2	23.5	39.8	33.9	33.4
	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community	-	-	-	-	20.6	79.3	45.9	54.5	43.8
环境变量+ 光谱变量 Environmental variable + spectral variable	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix chinensis shrub	40.2	130.3	7.6	37.4	20.7	61.2	26.2	42.5	36.6
	芦苇草甸 Phragmites australis meadow	84.8	57.8	95.1	107.7	17.3	22.5	7.1	40.7	29.5
	翅碱蓬群落 Suaeda heteroptera community	34.9	96.5	57.5	97.1	15.4	64.7	40.1	32.8	77.7