Antioxidant defense and photosynthesis for non-indigenous mangrove species Sonneratia apetala and Laguncularia racemosa under NaCl stress

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00046

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Sonneratia apetala, a native mangrove species in India, Bengal and Sri-Lanka, was introduced in 1985 to Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve in Hainan Island, China from Sundarban, southwest of Bangladesh. Laguncularia racemosa, another mangrove species from Mexico was introduced to the same reserve in 1999. Our objective was to investigate the salinity tolerance mechanism of S. apetala and L. racemosa in order to elucidate adaptive strategies of the halophytes in stressful saline habitat.
Methods We investigated the effects of increasing soil NaCl (100-400 mmol·L^-1) on gas exchange, O₂^-_·production rate, activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the relevance to salt tolerance over four weeks in 1-year-old seedlings of S. apetala and L. racemosa.
Important findings Seedlings of the two mangrove species acclimated to different salinity levels through changing physiological and morphological traits. However, there were significant differences between S. apetala and L. racemosa in photosynthesis and anti-oxidant defense under salt stress. Increasing NaCl stress significantly elevated net photosynthetic rate (P_n), and stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂concentration (C_i) and transpiration rate (T_r) decreased. As a result, water use efficiency (WUE) increased in leaves of S. apetala seedlings. But L. racemosa showed a rapid increase of P_n in the initiation of salt stress, and P_n remained lower than control levels at the end of the experiment. As a result, C_iand G_sincrease with the decrease of P_n, T_r and WUE. The reduction occurred after exposure of L. racemosa seedlings to severe salinity, 400 mmol·L^-1 NaCl (28 d). These results indicated that the inhibitory effects of severe salinity were more pronounced in L. racemosa under the same salinity. Moreover, the magnitude of variation of S. apetala maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m) was significantly less than that of L. racemosa leaves. We speculated that photosynthetic capacity of S. apetala was higher than L. racemosa. O₂^-_· production rate markedly increased after the two seedlings were subjected to 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl and 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl for 7 days and 14 days, respectively. However, O₂^-_· production rate in S. apetala leaves markedly increased upon increasing salinity and reached the highest level after seedlings were subjected to 400 mmol·L^-1 NaCl for 28 days, which was 5.3 fold of that in controls. In contrast to S. apetala, O₂ ^-_· production rate in L. racemosa leaves remained lower than control levels at the end of the experiment. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione reductase (GR) was elevated corresponding to the increased O₂^-_·production in the salt-stressed two mangrove plants; however, the magnitude of increase of L. racemosa antioxidant enzyme activities was significantly greater than that of S. apetala, during the period of salt stress. We suggest that L. racemosa plants were able to sense salt stress and up-regulated the antioxidant enzymes to reduce salt-induced lipid peroxidation and membrane permeability, which contributed to maintenance of membrane integrity and salt tolerance in L. racemosa. Sonneratia apetala seedlings might adapt resistance to severe salinity through improving photosynthesis by higher WUE and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm).

Key words: antioxidant enzyme, gas exchange, Laguncularia racemosa, salt stress, Sonneratia apetala

CHEN Jian,LI Ni-Ya,LIU Qiang,ZHONG Cai-Rong,HUANG Min,ZENG Jia. Antioxidant defense and photosynthesis for non-indigenous mangrove species Sonneratia apetala and Laguncularia racemosa under NaCl stress[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(5): 443-453.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00046

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2013/V37/I5/443

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1 Effect of NaCl treatment on gas exchange of two mangrove plants (mean ± SE, n = 20)

树种 Species	盐处理 NaCl treatment (d)	净光合速率 P_n (μmol CO₂·m^{- 2}·s^{- 1} )	气孔导度 G_s (mmol H₂O·m^{- 2}·s^{- 1})	蒸腾速率 T_r (mmol H₂O·m^{- 2}·s^{- 1})	水分利用效率 WUE (μmol CO₂·mmol^-1H₂O)	胞间CO₂浓度/ 大气CO₂浓度 C_i/C_a
无瓣海桑 Sonneratia apetala	对照 CK	7.813^a	247.083^a	5.240^a	1.491^a	0.820^a
无瓣海桑 Sonneratia apetala	7	6.135^a	309.917^b	3.282^B	1.870^B	0.897^B
	14	7.183^a	94.058^C	1.176^C	6.111^C	0.672^C
	21	8.757^a	146.183^D	2.192^D	3.995^D	0.723^D
	28	10.074^b	206.000^a	3.148^B	3.200^E	0.763^E
拉关木 Laguncularia racemosa	对照 CK	5.472^a	144.092^a	3.417^a	1.601^a	0.793^a
	7	7.914^B	202.200^b	2.120^b	3.730^B	0.802^a
	14	6.263^a	224.167^C	3.114^a	2.011^C	0.855^B
	21	6.025^a	170.167^b	2.939^a	2.050^c	0.828^C
	28	5.124^a	197.167^C	3.337^a	1.750^a	0.862^B

Fig. 1 Maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and SPAD value of seedlings leaves of two mangrove plants under salt treatment (mean ± SE, n = 20). NaCl treatments: 1/4 strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution (CK), 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl (7 d), 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl (14 d), 300 mmol·L-1 NaCl (21 d)、400 mmol·L-1 NaCl (28 d). *, significant difference between control and NaCl treatments (p < 0.05); **, highly significant difference between control and NaCl treatments (p < 0.01).

Fig. 2 Changes of O2-· production rate and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in leaves of Sonneratia apetala and Laguncularia racemosa under NaCl treatments (mean ± SE, n = 3). NaCl treatments: 1/4 strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution (CK), 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl (7 d), 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl (14 d), 300 mmol·L-1 NaCl (21 d)、400 mmol·L-1 NaCl (28 d). *, significant difference between control and NaCl treatments (p < 0.05); **, highly significant difference between control and NaCl treatments (p < 0.01).

Fig. 3 Changes of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activity in leaves of Sonneratia apetala and Laguncularia racemosa under NaCl treatment (mean ± SE, n = 3). NaCl treatment: 1/4 strength Hongland’s nutrient solution (CK), 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl (7 d), 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl (14 d), 300 mmol·L-1 NaCl (21 d)、400 mmol·L-1 NaCl (28 d). *, significant difference between control and NaCl treatments (p < 0.05); **, highly significant difference between control and NaCl treatments (p < 0.01).

Fig. 4 Changes of glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (POD) activity in leaves of Sonneratia apetala and Laguncularia racemosa under NaCl treatment (mean ± SE, n = 3). NaCl treatment: 1/4 strength Hongland’s nutrient solution (CK), 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl (7 d), 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl (14 d), 300 mmol·L-1 NaCl (21 d)、400 mmol·L-1 NaCl (28 d). *, significant difference between control and NaCl treatments (p < 0.05); **, highly significant difference between control and NaCl treatments (p < 0.01).

Table 2 Comparison of growth state for Laguncularia racemosa and Sonneratia in Dongzhai Harbor of Hainan Island, China

树种 Species	树龄 Age (a)	树高 Height (m)	地径 Ground diameter (cm)	胸径 Diameter at breast height (cm)	冠幅 Canopy (m × m)
拉关木 Laguncularia racemoca	5	6.3	14.4	8.5	2.1 × 2.6
无瓣海桑 Sonneratia apetala	5	9.2	20.8	12.9	4.5 × 4.2
海桑 S. caseolaris	5	6.6	16.5	10.2	2.8 × 2.4
杯萼海桑 S. alba	5	5.2	14.7	8.5	3.7 × 2.9
卵叶海桑 S. ovata	5	2.4	9.8	3.7	1.8 × 1.7

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