An overview of research progress on responses of grassland ecosystems to global warming based on infrared heating experiments

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00118

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to understand the mechanisms in the responses of grassland ecosystems to global warming, this paper overviews the principle, the warming effect, and the advantages and disadvantages of infrared heating techniques. Recent advancement in research on the responses of grassland ecosystems to climate warming by using infrared heating techniques is reviewed, which covers the areas of plant phenology, photosynthetic physiology, growth and development, community structure and function, and soil characteristics, especially underground processes of plant communities. The key future research needs on the responses of grassland ecosystems to global warming are suggested.

Key words: climate warming, field warming experiment, grassland ecosystems, infrared heating

HOU Yan-Hui, ZHOU Guang-Sheng, XU Zhen-Zhu. An overview of research progress on responses of grassland ecosystems to global warming based on infrared heating experiments[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(12): 1153-1167.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00118

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2013/V37/I12/1153

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References 116

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增温装置 Warming facilities	增温机理 Mechanism of warming	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages	应用实例 Applications
温室 Field greenhouse	温室效应(即再辐射的红外能量反射和对流的能量损失减少) Greenhouse warming (i.e., reflection of reradiated infrared energy and reduced advective energy loss)	简便、廉价, 无需电力供应 Simple and inexpensive in construction and maintenance; no requirement for electrical power	无法控制增温幅度, 对小气候(光照、风速、降水和湿度)干扰大 Little or no temperature control and large temperature variability; disturbance to microclimate (light, wind speed, rainfall and humidity)	Chapin et al., 1995; Jonasson et al., 1998
被动式开顶箱 Passive open-top chamber	同上 Same as above	同上, 并可与CO₂控制试验耦合 Same as above and can be combined with CO₂control	同上, 而且均匀升温的面积有限 Same as above and only small areas can be manipulated uniformly	Klein et al., 2004; Klanderud, 2005; Alerts et al., 2006
主动式开顶箱 Active Open-top chamber	温室效应和电加热 Greenhouse warming plus electrical heating	同上, 且可精确地控制空气温度 Same as above and precise control on air temperature	影响小环境(光照、风速、降水、湿度和蒸发散), 且可模拟的面积有限 Disturbance to microclimate (light, wind speed, rainfall , humidity and evapotranspiration), and only small areas can be manipulated uniformly	Norby et al., 1997
土壤加热管道和加热电缆 Heating fluid pipes and electric resistance cables	埋于地下的加热管道和电缆的热传导 Warming by thermal conduction from buried heating fluid pipes and electrical resistance cables	能精确控制土壤温度且可与温室或OTC等想结合 Precise control on soil temperature and easy combination with greenhouses or OTCs	昂贵, 加热不均匀, 影响土壤水分, 且不能加热植物地上部分和空气 Expensive in construction and maintenance, spatial heterogeneity of warming effect, altered soil moisture regimes, and no warming effect on air temperature and aboveground parts of plant	Peterjohn et al., 1994; Hartley et al., 1999
红外线反射器 Infrared reflectors	反射地面辐射引起的增温 Warming by reflected ground radiation	经济、方便, 仅需少量电力, 相对真实模拟夜间增温, 干扰小 Low cost and convenient, little electrical power, better simulation of global warming patterns at night-time, little physical disturbance	不能模拟白天增温, 影响风速和雨、雪、露水的输入 No warming effect during daytime, affect wind speed and the input of rainfall, snow, and dew	Beier et al., 2004; Emmett et al., 2004
红外线辐射器 Infrared radiators	红外辐射灯管引起的增强的红外辐射 Increased infrared radiation by infrared lamps	精确控制能量输入, 更真实模拟全球变暖和日变化, 对周围环境干扰小 Precise control on energy input, better simulation of global warming patterns, little physical disturbance on surroundings	耗电较多, 价格昂贵, 受限于电力供应, 不能模拟全球变暖情形中的对流加热效应 Expensive in terms of cost on electricity, can only be used with availability of electric power supply, does not simulate the advective effect	Harte et al., 1995; Luo et al., 2001; Kimball, 2005; Hoeppner & Dukes, 2012; Hou et al., 2013

增温装置 Warming facilities	增温机理 Mechanism of warming	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages	应用实例 Applications
温室 Field greenhouse	温室效应(即再辐射的红外能量反射和对流的能量损失减少) Greenhouse warming (i.e., reflection of reradiated infrared energy and reduced advective energy loss)	简便、廉价, 无需电力供应 Simple and inexpensive in construction and maintenance; no requirement for electrical power	无法控制增温幅度, 对小气候(光照、风速、降水和湿度)干扰大 Little or no temperature control and large temperature variability; disturbance to microclimate (light, wind speed, rainfall and humidity)	Chapin et al., 1995; Jonasson et al., 1998
被动式开顶箱 Passive open-top chamber	同上 Same as above	同上, 并可与CO₂控制试验耦合 Same as above and can be combined with CO₂control	同上, 而且均匀升温的面积有限 Same as above and only small areas can be manipulated uniformly	Klein et al., 2004; Klanderud, 2005; Alerts et al., 2006
主动式开顶箱 Active Open-top chamber	温室效应和电加热 Greenhouse warming plus electrical heating	同上, 且可精确地控制空气温度 Same as above and precise control on air temperature	影响小环境(光照、风速、降水、湿度和蒸发散), 且可模拟的面积有限 Disturbance to microclimate (light, wind speed, rainfall , humidity and evapotranspiration), and only small areas can be manipulated uniformly	Norby et al., 1997
土壤加热管道和加热电缆 Heating fluid pipes and electric resistance cables	埋于地下的加热管道和电缆的热传导 Warming by thermal conduction from buried heating fluid pipes and electrical resistance cables	能精确控制土壤温度且可与温室或OTC等想结合 Precise control on soil temperature and easy combination with greenhouses or OTCs	昂贵, 加热不均匀, 影响土壤水分, 且不能加热植物地上部分和空气 Expensive in construction and maintenance, spatial heterogeneity of warming effect, altered soil moisture regimes, and no warming effect on air temperature and aboveground parts of plant	Peterjohn et al., 1994; Hartley et al., 1999
红外线反射器 Infrared reflectors	反射地面辐射引起的增温 Warming by reflected ground radiation	经济、方便, 仅需少量电力, 相对真实模拟夜间增温, 干扰小 Low cost and convenient, little electrical power, better simulation of global warming patterns at night-time, little physical disturbance	不能模拟白天增温, 影响风速和雨、雪、露水的输入 No warming effect during daytime, affect wind speed and the input of rainfall, snow, and dew	Beier et al., 2004; Emmett et al., 2004
红外线辐射器 Infrared radiators	红外辐射灯管引起的增强的红外辐射 Increased infrared radiation by infrared lamps	精确控制能量输入, 更真实模拟全球变暖和日变化, 对周围环境干扰小 Precise control on energy input, better simulation of global warming patterns, little physical disturbance on surroundings	耗电较多, 价格昂贵, 受限于电力供应, 不能模拟全球变暖情形中的对流加热效应 Expensive in terms of cost on electricity, can only be used with availability of electric power supply, does not simulate the advective effect	Harte et al., 1995; Luo et al., 2001; Kimball, 2005; Hoeppner & Dukes, 2012; Hou et al., 2013

草地类型 Grassland type	红外加热器设计 Infrared heater design			红外增温效果 Infrared warming effects			参考文献 References
草地类型 Grassland type	辐射功率 Radiation power (W)	离地高度 Height above the ground (m)	加热小区面积 Heated plot area (m²)	土壤温度 Soil temperature (℃)	土壤水分 Soil moisture (%)	空气温度 Air temperature (℃)	参考文献 References
荒漠草原 Desert steppe	800	1.50	4.0	+4.10 (10 cm)	-18.70 (0-20 cm, R)	/	Liu et al., 2012
	1 600	2.25	12.0	+0.92 (7.5 cm)	+1.38 (0-10 cm, A)	/	Shan, 2008
典型草原 Typical steppe	1 600	2.25	12.0	+1.71 (10 cm)	-1.44 (0-40 cm, A)	/	Xia et al., 2010
	1 600	2.25	12.0	+0.98 (10 cm)	-1.04 (0-10 cm, A)	/	Yang et al., 2011
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	1 600	2.25	12.0	+1.45 (0-15 cm)	-12.82 (0-15 cm R)	/	Gao, 2012
高寒草甸 Alpine meadow	1 000 × 6	2.15	7.1	+1.20 (10 cm)	/	/	Luo et al., 2010
亚高山草甸 Subalpine meadow	1 500 × 2	2.50	10.0	+3.00 (0-25 cm)	-25.00 (0-25 cm, R)	/	Harte et al., 1995
高草草原 Tallgrass prairie	1 500	1.50	4.0	+2.00 (10 cm)	/	+1.1	Wan et al., 2002

草地类型 Grassland type	红外加热器设计 Infrared heater design			红外增温效果 Infrared warming effects			参考文献 References
草地类型 Grassland type	辐射功率 Radiation power (W)	离地高度 Height above the ground (m)	加热小区面积 Heated plot area (m²)	土壤温度 Soil temperature (℃)	土壤水分 Soil moisture (%)	空气温度 Air temperature (℃)	参考文献 References
荒漠草原 Desert steppe	800	1.50	4.0	+4.10 (10 cm)	-18.70 (0-20 cm, R)	/	Liu et al., 2012
	1 600	2.25	12.0	+0.92 (7.5 cm)	+1.38 (0-10 cm, A)	/	Shan, 2008
典型草原 Typical steppe	1 600	2.25	12.0	+1.71 (10 cm)	-1.44 (0-40 cm, A)	/	Xia et al., 2010
	1 600	2.25	12.0	+0.98 (10 cm)	-1.04 (0-10 cm, A)	/	Yang et al., 2011
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	1 600	2.25	12.0	+1.45 (0-15 cm)	-12.82 (0-15 cm R)	/	Gao, 2012
高寒草甸 Alpine meadow	1 000 × 6	2.15	7.1	+1.20 (10 cm)	/	/	Luo et al., 2010
亚高山草甸 Subalpine meadow	1 500 × 2	2.50	10.0	+3.00 (0-25 cm)	-25.00 (0-25 cm, R)	/	Harte et al., 1995
高草草原 Tallgrass prairie	1 500	1.50	4.0	+2.00 (10 cm)	/	+1.1	Wan et al., 2002