Response and adaptation of terrestrial ecosystem processes to climate warming

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0323

Abstract

Abstract:

Terrestrial ecosystems are characterized by a series of spatiotemporally continuous, multiple scaled, and mutually connected processes. Since most of these ecological processes are regulated by temperature, climate warming will profoundly impact terrestrial ecosystems at global scale. Recently, how key processes in terrestrial ecosystems respond and/or adapt to climate warming has become a fundamental question in global change ecology. Here, we reviewed the recent research progress related to such question. This review focuses on key ecosystem processes, such as plant ecophysiological processes, phenology, community dynamics, productivity and carbon allocation, decomposition of litter and soil organic carbon, nutrient cycling, and carbon-nitrogen coupling. Based on a literature review, we propose perspectives for future research to tackle fundamental questions, such as the predictability of plant traits on ecosystem processes, coupling between biogeochemical cycles, mechanisms driving ecosystem responses to extreme climate and asymmetric warming, and ecological forecasting with models. We finally suggest more research efforts on warming adaptation rather than response on China’s specific ecosystems, and on the integration of experiments, observations, and models for coordinating studies across scales.

Key words: climate warming, ecosystem processes, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, productivity, extreme climate

XIA Jian-Yang, LU Rui-Ling, ZHU Chen, CUI Er-Qian, DU Ying, HUANG Kun, SUN Bao-Yu. Response and adaptation of terrestrial ecosystem processes to climate warming[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2020, 44(5): 494-514.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2019.0323

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2020/V44/I5/494

Figures/Tables 4

Fig. 1 Impact of climate warming on key processes in terrestrial ecosystems. ① N mineralization; ② N immobilization; ③ N uptake; ④ N denitrification; ⑤ N fixation; ⑥ N leaching and running off. GPP, gross primary productivity; NPP, net primary productivity. Green dashed boxes indicate key processes, blue boxes show C and N storage pools, and dashed arrows represent the carbon-nitrogen coupling processes.

Fig. 2 Evidence, agreement and thus confidence of key ecosystem processes in response to climate warming. “Evidence” shows the number of studies that report on ecosystem processes. “Agreement” indicates the percentage of evidence supporting the specific warming response. Confidence is the product of “Evidence” and “Agreement” and is based on the confidence concept in the fifth IPCC report (IPCC, 2013). The figure was adapted from Xia et al. (2014). Data was obtained by a comprehensive literature search (Supplement I). ① photosynthetic acclimation; ② photosynthetic overcomepensation; ③ acclimation of plant respiration; ④ acclimation of soil respiration; ⑤ earlier spring phenology; ⑥ delayed autumn phenology; ⑦ changed species composition of plant community; ⑧ enhanced ecosystem productivity; ⑨ faster decomposition of soil organic matter; ⑩ faster soil nutrient mineralization.

Fig. 3 Publications of four high-impact journals (Science、Nature、PNAS与Global Change Biology (GCB))(2000-2019), including the total number of papers (A) and their distribution in different methods (B) and ecological processes (C). Literature was first searched by the keyword “warming” from the homepage of each journal, then manually screened for whether it includes terrestrial ecosystem processes. The black line for “China” represents the published papers with the first affiliated address located in China.

Fig. 4 Conceptual framework of experiments, field observations, and modeling to study response and adaptation of terrestrial ecosystems to warming. The integration of experiments and models in the figure was adapted from Medlyn et al. (2015). It should be noted that this framework needs to be adjusted according to the specific scientific question.

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