ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION MECHANISMS OF ROOTS TO FLOODED SOIL AND RESPIRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF KNEE ROOTS OF TAXODIUM ASCENDENS

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Taxodium ascendens is a flood-tolerant tree species. It is important to understand the mechanisms of flood-tolerance by means of study on the root changes of T. ascendens in flooded conditions.

Methods Based on the investigation of the roots of T. ascendens plantations in 17 year-old in Lixiahe wetland, Jiangsu Province, China, the ecological adaptations of the roots were analyzed in the different water table sites divided into three groups: high water table site (HWS, the site was flooded from June to October every year, and the depth of the mean water table in each year was -5 cm), middle water table site (MWS, the site was flooded from August to September every year, and the depth of the mean water table in each year was -18 cm), and low water table site (LWS, the site was not flooded all the time, and the mean water table in each year was -41 cm).

Important findings In HWS, T. ascendens formed aerating roots which were very long and thin, and attached on the tree stem or in the outer epidermis or in the crack of tree bark; In the MWS, T. ascendens formed knee roots which were (7.9±2.2) cm in diameter, (7.7±2.7) cm in height; AlthoughT. ascendens also formed the knee roots in LWS, they were smaller than in MWS. The belowground biomass and the aboveground biomass of the trees were in the order of HWS<MWS<LWS. However, the ratios of the belowground biomass and the aboveground biomass were in the order of LWS<MWS<HWS. It was suggested that althoughT. ascendens was a flood-tolerant tree species, the biomass growth decreased in flooding conditions, especially the aboveground biomass growth obviously decreased in flooding conditions. The ratios of the diameter at ground and at breast height in HWS, MWS and LWS was 2.66±0.11, 2.08±0.10 and 1.75±0.08, respectively. The volume weight of underground roots decreased if the trees were waterlogged for long time. But the volume weight of the aerating roots and the knee roots were greater than that of the underground roots. The concentrations of iron and manganese in fine roots in HWS and MWS were significantly higher than in LWS. However, the concentrations of iron and manganese in leaves were no difference between HWS, MES and LWS. The mean respiration rate of the each knee root was 2.1~2.5 mgCO₂·h^-1 in August and September, 0.7~0.9 mgCO₂·h^-1in June and November, and 0.4 mgCO₂·h^-1in March, respectively. The moles of oxygen absorption was 4.6 times more than that of carbon dioxide flux by knee roots. It appeared that the oxygen absorbed by knee roots was not only supplied to knee roots respiration, but also supplied to underground roots respiration. It was suggested that T. ascendens with high flood-tolerance was due to forming the aerating roots and knee roots, promoting the diameter growth of stem, and decreasing the volume weight of roots in the flooding sites for improving the ventilation condition of roots.

Key words: Taxodium ascendens, high water-table, root distribution, root biomass, aerating root, knee root

TANG Luo-Zhong, HUANG Bao-Long, HAIBARA Kikuo, TODA Hiroto. ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION MECHANISMS OF ROOTS TO FLOODED SOIL AND RESPIRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF KNEE ROOTS OF TAXODIUM ASCENDENS[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2008, 32(6): 1258-1267.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.006

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2008/V32/I6/1258

Figures/Tables 7

References 36

[1]	Andrson PH, Pezeshki SR (1999). Effects of intermittent flooding on seedlings of three forest species. Photosynthetica, 37,543-552.
[2]	Atwell B, Steer BT (1990). The effect of oxygen deficiency on uptake and distribution of nutrients in maize plants. Plant Soil, 122,1-8.
[3]	Brown S (1981). A comparison of the structure, primary productivity, and transpiration of cypress ecosystems in Florida. Ecological Monographs, 51,403-427.
[4]	Chen CC, Dixon JB, Turner FT (1980). Iron coatings on rice roots: morphology and models of development. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44,1113-1119.
[5]	Chen LZ (陈鹭真), Lin P (林鹏), Wang WQ (王文卿) (2006). Mechanisms of mangroves waterlogging resistance. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 26,586-593. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]	Chinese Academy of Sciences, Editorial Committee of Flora in China (中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会) (1978). Flora in China (中国植物志). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[7]	Coutts MP, Philipson JJ (1978a). Tolerance of tree roots to waterlogging. Ⅰ. Survival of Sitka spruce and lodgepole pine. New Phytologist, 80,63-69.
[8]	Coutts MP, Philipson JJ (1978b). Tolerance of tree roots to waterlogging. Ⅱ. Adaptation of Sitka spruce and lodgepole pine to waterlogged soil. New Phytologist, 80,71-77.
[9]	Crowder AA, Coltman DW (1993). Formation of manganese oxide plaque on rice roots in solution culture under varying pH and manganese (Mn ²⁺) concentration conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 16,589-599.
[10]	Guo SR, Tachibana SJ (1997). Effect of dissolved O ₂ levels in a nutrient solution on the growth and mineral nutrition of tomato and cucumber seedlings. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 66,331-337.
[11]	Hook DD, Brown CL (1973). Root adaptations and flood tolerance of five hardwood species. Forest Science, 19,225-230.
[12]	Huang BL (黄宝龙), Huang WD (黄文丁) (1991). Study on the complex management of agroforestry ecological system. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 10,27-32. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]	Huang WD (1998). Modelling the coexistence gain and interaction of populations in Taxodium ascendens intercrop systems. Ecological Modelling, 107,189-212. DOI URL
[14]	Huang WD, Xu QF (1999). Overyield of Taxodium ascendens intercrop systems. Forest Ecology and Management, 116,33-38.
[15]	Jackson MB (1985). Ethylene and responses of plants to soil waterlogging and submergence. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 36,145-174.
[16]	Kozlowski TT (1984). Flooding and Plant Growth. Academic Press, Orlando.
[17]	Kozlowski TT (1997). Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity. Tree Physiology Monograph, 1,1-29.
[18]	Levan MA, Riha SJ (1986). Response of root systems of northern conifer transplants to flooding. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16,42-46.
[19]	Liu WJ (刘文菊), Zhu YG (朱永官) (2005). Iron and Mn plaques on the surface of roots of wetland plants. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 25,358-363. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	McKevlin MR, Hook DD, McKee WH (1995). Growth and nutrient use efficiency of water tupelo seedlings in flooded and well drained soil. Tree Physiology, 15,753-758. URL PMID
[21]	Pezeshki SR (1991). Root responses of flood-tolerant and flood-sensitive tree species to soil redox conditions. Trees, 5,180-186.
[22]	Pezeshki SR, DeLaune RD, Meeder JF (1997). Carbon assimilation and biomass partitioning in Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle seedlings in response to soil redox conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 37,161-171.
[23]	Ponnamperuma FN (1972). The chemistry of submerged soil. Advances in Agronomy, 24,29-96.
[24]	Sakio H, Yamamoto F (2002). Ecology of Riparian Forests. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
[25]	Tang LZ (2004). Basic Study on the Silviculture of Pondcypress and Poplar Plantations in Jiangsu Province, China. PhD dissertation, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo.
[26]	Tang LZ (唐罗忠), Haibara K (生原喜久雄), Toda H (户田浩人), Huang BL (黄宝龙) (2005). Dynamics of ferrous iron, redox potential and pH of forested wetland soils. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 25,103-107. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]	Tang LZ (唐罗忠), Sun YL (孙羊林) (2007). Effect of watertable on growth of I-69 poplar in Lixiahe wetland, Jiangsu Province, China. Wetland Science (湿地科学), 5,140-145. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	Tang LZ (唐罗忠), Xu XZ (徐锡增), Cheng SW (程淑婉) (1998a). Effects of flooding stresses on biomass and physiological properties of poplar clones. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (南京林业大学学报), 22(2),14-18. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]	Tang LZ (唐罗忠), Xu XZ (徐锡增), Fang SZ (方升佐) (1998b). Influence of soil waterlogging on growth and physiological properties of poplar and willow seedlings. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 9,471-474. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]	Wang T (汪天), Wang SP (王素平), Guo SR (郭世荣), Sun YJ (孙艳军) (2006). Research advances about hypoxia-stress damage and hypoxia-stress-adapting mechanism in plants. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报), 26,847-853. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]	Yamamoto F (1992). Effects of depth of flooding on growth and anatomy of stems and knee roots of Taxodium distichum. International Association of Wood Anatomists, 13,93-104.
[32]	Yamamoto F, Kozlowski TT (1987). Effects of ethrel on growth and stem anatomy of Pinus halepensis seedlings. International Association of Wood Anatomists, 8,11-19.
[33]	Yamamoto F, Sakata T, Terazawa K (1995a). Growth, morphology, stem anatomy and ethylene production in flooded Alnus japonica seedlings. International Association of Wood Anatomists, 16,47-59.
[34]	Yamamoto F, Sakata T, Terazawa K (1995b). Physiological, anatomical and morphological responses of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings to flooding. Tree Physiology, 15,713-719. DOI URL PMID
[35]	Ye Y (叶勇), Lu CY (卢昌义), Tan FY (谭凤仪) (2001). Studies on differences in growth and physiological responses to waterlogging between Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Kandelia candel. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 21,1654-1661. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[36]	Zhao KF (赵可夫) (2003). Adaptation of plant to flooding stress. Bulletin of Biology (生物学通报), 38(12),11-14. (in Chinese)

	地下生物量(kg·stem^-1) Belowground biomass	地上生物量(kg·stem^-1) Aboveground biomass	地下/地上 Belowg round/Above ground
高水位 High water table	13.62±1.43^a	20.56±3.47^a	0.656±0.051^a
中水位 Middle water table	18.80±1.78^b	44.83±4.96^b	0.439±0.043^b
低水位 Low water table	26.69±2.84^c	71.93±9.32^c	0.348±0.038^b

	地下生物量(kg·stem^-1) Belowground biomass	地上生物量(kg·stem^-1) Aboveground biomass	地下/地上 Belowg round/Above ground
高水位 High water table	13.62±1.43^a	20.56±3.47^a	0.656±0.051^a
中水位 Middle water table	18.80±1.78^b	44.83±4.96^b	0.439±0.043^b
低水位 Low water table	26.69±2.84^c	71.93±9.32^c	0.348±0.038^b

地下根Underground roots (g·cm^-3)	气生根(g·cm^-3) Aerating roots	膝根(g·cm^-3) Knee roots
高水位 High water table	中水位 Middle water table	低水位 Low water table
0.390±0.037^a	0.437±0.042^a	0.473±0.051^ab	0.543±0.046^b	0.586±0.048^b

地下根Underground roots (g·cm^-3)	气生根(g·cm^-3) Aerating roots	膝根(g·cm^-3) Knee roots
高水位 High water table	中水位 Middle water table	低水位 Low water table
0.390±0.037^a	0.437±0.042^a	0.473±0.051^ab	0.543±0.046^b	0.586±0.048^b

	水位 Water table	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	Fe	Mn
	水位 Water table	(g·kg^-1)
叶 Leaves	高 High	19.3±2.1^a	1.00±0.13^a	8.2±1.1^a	33.7±4.2^a	4.4±0.4^a	0.96±0.12^a	0.08±0.02^a
	中 Middle	17.9±1.2^a	0.80±0.09^a	9.5±1.3^a	32.9±2.1^a	4.0±0.3^a	1.07±0.16^a	0.05±0.01^a
	低 Low	17.3±1.8^a	0.85±0.07^a	7.4±0.9^a	30.6±3.4^a	3.8±0.4^a	0.84±0.13^a	0.05±0.01^a
细根 Fine roots	高 High	9.5±1.6^a	0.65±0.05^a	2.4±0.2^a	5.5±0.9^a	1.6±0.2^a	19.1±3.1^a	0.21±0.04^a
	中 Middle	9.7±1.5^a	0.77±0.07^a	2.3±0.2^a	9.2±1.4^b	2.4±0.3^b	23.9±2.8^a	0.25±0.03^a
	低 Low	12.9±1.8^a	0.73±0.05^a	2.3±0.3^a	10.8±1.8^b	2.2±0.3^b	1.7±0.3^b	0.11±0.02^b