Effects of nutrient addition on species diversity and composition of alpine meadows at different altitudes

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0137

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Due to the deficiency of soil available nutrients on the Qingzang Plateau, nutrient addition can change the species diversity and composition of alpine meadows by differently affecting species or functional groups. Meanwhile, given an apparent heterogeneity in environmental conditions across elevations, the responses of species diversity and composition to nutrient addition may be vertically differentiated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrient addition on the species diversity and composition of alpine meadow communities at different altitudes.

Methods From 2021 to 2024, we added nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and both nitrogen and phosphorus at three altitudes (3 200 m, 3 700 m and 4 050 m), and conducted community surveys at the peak of growing season each year. We then calculated α diversity index (species richness, Shannon-Weiner index, Invsimpson index and Pielou evenness index) and β diversity index (Bray-Curtis similarity and Jaccard similarity), and quantified the relative abundance and species richness of different functional groups.

Important findings (1) The α diversity of low elevation communities was insensitive to nutrient addition, but of middle elevation communities decreased with N addition, remained unchanged with P addition, and increased with both N and P additions. By contrast, at high elevations α diversity increased significantly with nutrient addition. The differences in the response of α diversity to nutrient addition are mainly due to the abundance and diversity of plant functional groups being affected differently by nutrient addition, in particular, the colonization and local extinction of some rare species at different elevations. (2) Nutrient addition reduced the community similarity of low and mid-elevations, whereas it resulted in community homogenization at high elevations.

Key words: alpine meadows, α diversity, β diversity, nitrogen addition, phosphorus addition

LI Yi, HUANG Huan, ZHAO Yan-Chao, CHEN Li-Tong. Effects of nutrient addition on species diversity and composition of alpine meadows at different altitudes[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2026, 50(4): 870-882.

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Figures/Tables 8

References 46

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处理 Treatment	自由度 df	物种丰富度 Species richness		香农威纳多样性指数 Shannon-Weiner index		毗卢均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index		反辛普森指数 Invsimpson index
处理 Treatment	自由度 df	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
氮添加 N	1	2.089	0.150	2.402	0.123	1.360	0.245	1.482	0.225
磷添加 P	1	24.506	<0.001	9.291	0.003	3.163	0.077	6.211	0.014
海拔 E	2	45.611	<0.001	0.734	0.393	1.465	0.228	2.534	0.113
年际 Y	3	3.578	0.060	7.338	0.008	13.822	<0.001	6.557	0.011
N × P	1	0.010	0.921	1.645	0.202	2.429	0.121	0.001	0.980
N × E	2	1.049	0.307	10.891	0.001	10.678	0.001	6.906	0.009
P × E	2	23.048	<0.001	21.883	<0.001	13.700	<0.001	13.238	<0.001
N × Y	3	0.683	0.410	0.441	0.508	0.291	0.591	0.029	0.864
P × Y	3	1.000	0.319	1.129	0.290	0.602	0.439	1.108	0.294
E × Y	6	21.433	<0.001	11.054	0.001	4.915	0.028	6.492	0.012
N × P × E	2	2.190	0.141	3.590	0.060	2.666	0.105	1.072	0.302
N × P × Y	3	4.822	0.030	3.483	0.064	1.798	0.182	0.686	0.409
N × E × Y	6	0.753	0.387	0.644	0.423	0.457	0.500	0	0.995
P × E × Y	6	6.619	0.011	4.422	0.037	2.265	0.134	3.202	0.076
N × P × E × Y	6	0.548	0.460	0.003	0.959	0.088	0.768	0.012	0.914

处理 Treatment	自由度 df	物种丰富度 Species richness		香农威纳多样性指数 Shannon-Weiner index		毗卢均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index		反辛普森指数 Invsimpson index
处理 Treatment	自由度 df	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
氮添加 N	1	2.089	0.150	2.402	0.123	1.360	0.245	1.482	0.225
磷添加 P	1	24.506	<0.001	9.291	0.003	3.163	0.077	6.211	0.014
海拔 E	2	45.611	<0.001	0.734	0.393	1.465	0.228	2.534	0.113
年际 Y	3	3.578	0.060	7.338	0.008	13.822	<0.001	6.557	0.011
N × P	1	0.010	0.921	1.645	0.202	2.429	0.121	0.001	0.980
N × E	2	1.049	0.307	10.891	0.001	10.678	0.001	6.906	0.009
P × E	2	23.048	<0.001	21.883	<0.001	13.700	<0.001	13.238	<0.001
N × Y	3	0.683	0.410	0.441	0.508	0.291	0.591	0.029	0.864
P × Y	3	1.000	0.319	1.129	0.290	0.602	0.439	1.108	0.294
E × Y	6	21.433	<0.001	11.054	0.001	4.915	0.028	6.492	0.012
N × P × E	2	2.190	0.141	3.590	0.060	2.666	0.105	1.072	0.302
N × P × Y	3	4.822	0.030	3.483	0.064	1.798	0.182	0.686	0.409
N × E × Y	6	0.753	0.387	0.644	0.423	0.457	0.500	0	0.995
P × E × Y	6	6.619	0.011	4.422	0.037	2.265	0.134	3.202	0.076
N × P × E × Y	6	0.548	0.460	0.003	0.959	0.088	0.768	0.012	0.914

海拔 Elevation (m)	处理 Treatment	自由度 df	物种丰富度 Species richness		香农威纳多样性指数 Shannon-Weiner index		毗卢均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index		反辛普森指数 Invsimpson index
海拔 Elevation (m)	处理 Treatment	自由度 df	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
3 200	氮添加 N	1	1.335	0.278	6.157	0.035	6.239	0.034	3.100	0.112
	磷添加 P	1	0.649	0.441	0.882	0.372	0.747	0.410	0.503	0.496
	年际 Y	3	14.429	<0.001	20.549	<0.001	14.866	<0.001	13.169	<0.001
	N × P	1	0.148	0.709	0.157	0.701	0.419	0.534	0.841	0.383
	N × Y	3	0.814	0.372	1.075	0.305	0.968	0.330	0.012	0.915
	P × Y	3	2.890	0.096	1.737	0.194	0.942	0.337	1.076	0.305
	N × P × Y	3	1.748	0.193	2.723	0.106	2.024	0.162	0.819	0.370
3 700	N	1	0.454	0.517	0.554	0.476	0.334	0.578	0.120	0.737
	P	1	2.345	0.160	1.775	0.215	0.853	0.380	2.261	0.167
	Y	3	26.243	<0.001	0.024	0.877	2.663	0.110	1.024	0.317
	N × P	1	3.605	0.090	1.749	0.219	0.436	0.526	4.686	0.059
	N × Y	3	2.203	0.145	0.044	0.834	0.056	0.814	0.006	0.938
	P × Y	3	2.496	0.121	3.276	0.077	2.050	0.159	2.010	0.163
	N × P × Y	3	0.057	0.812	0.051	0.822	0.167	0.684	0.434	0.514
4 050	N	1	3.154	0.109	1.661	0.230	1.144	0.313	0.654	0.439
	P	1	19.193	0.002	9.929	0.012	6.027	0.036	8.982	0.015
	Y	3	6.608	0.014	0.002	0.968	1.049	0.311	0.004	0.951
	N × P	1	5.061	0.051	5.523	0.043	4.868	0.055	4.311	0.068
	N × Y	3	0.280	0.600	0.007	0.936	0.027	0.871	0.016	0.900
	P × Y	3	3.805	0.057	2.569	0.116	1.190	0.281	2.340	0.133
	N × P × Y	3	5.531	0.023	3.721	0.060	1.933	0.171	1.769	0.190

海拔 Elevation (m)	处理 Treatment	自由度 df	物种丰富度 Species richness		香农威纳多样性指数 Shannon-Weiner index		毗卢均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index		反辛普森指数 Invsimpson index
海拔 Elevation (m)	处理 Treatment	自由度 df	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
3 200	氮添加 N	1	1.335	0.278	6.157	0.035	6.239	0.034	3.100	0.112
	磷添加 P	1	0.649	0.441	0.882	0.372	0.747	0.410	0.503	0.496
	年际 Y	3	14.429	<0.001	20.549	<0.001	14.866	<0.001	13.169	<0.001
	N × P	1	0.148	0.709	0.157	0.701	0.419	0.534	0.841	0.383
	N × Y	3	0.814	0.372	1.075	0.305	0.968	0.330	0.012	0.915
	P × Y	3	2.890	0.096	1.737	0.194	0.942	0.337	1.076	0.305
	N × P × Y	3	1.748	0.193	2.723	0.106	2.024	0.162	0.819	0.370
3 700	N	1	0.454	0.517	0.554	0.476	0.334	0.578	0.120	0.737
	P	1	2.345	0.160	1.775	0.215	0.853	0.380	2.261	0.167
	Y	3	26.243	<0.001	0.024	0.877	2.663	0.110	1.024	0.317
	N × P	1	3.605	0.090	1.749	0.219	0.436	0.526	4.686	0.059
	N × Y	3	2.203	0.145	0.044	0.834	0.056	0.814	0.006	0.938
	P × Y	3	2.496	0.121	3.276	0.077	2.050	0.159	2.010	0.163
	N × P × Y	3	0.057	0.812	0.051	0.822	0.167	0.684	0.434	0.514
4 050	N	1	3.154	0.109	1.661	0.230	1.144	0.313	0.654	0.439
	P	1	19.193	0.002	9.929	0.012	6.027	0.036	8.982	0.015
	Y	3	6.608	0.014	0.002	0.968	1.049	0.311	0.004	0.951
	N × P	1	5.061	0.051	5.523	0.043	4.868	0.055	4.311	0.068
	N × Y	3	0.280	0.600	0.007	0.936	0.027	0.871	0.016	0.900
	P × Y	3	3.805	0.057	2.569	0.116	1.190	0.281	2.340	0.133
	N × P × Y	3	5.531	0.023	3.721	0.060	1.933	0.171	1.769	0.190

处理 Treatment	自由度 df	Bray-Curtis相似性 Bray-Curtis similarity			Jaccard相似性 Jaccard similarity
处理 Treatment	自由度 df	R²	F	p	R²	F	p
氮添加 N	1	0.01	3.61	0.001	0	1.48	0.166
磷添加 P	1	0.03	14.02	0.001	0.01	7.84	0.001
年际 Y	3	0.14	22.45	0.001	0.13	35.05	0.001
海拔 E	2	0.24	58.13	0.001	0.54	213.51	0.001
N × P	1	0.01	2.81	0.004	0	1.50	0.174
N × Y	3	0.01	1.23	0.171	0	0.81	0.648
P × Y	3	0.02	2.66	0.001	0.01	1.34	0.160
N × E	2	0.01	2.09	0.002	0	1.42	0.154
P × E	2	0.03	6.16	0.001	0.01	2.73	0.007
Y × E	6	0.15	12.20	0.001	0.09	11.75	0.001
N × P × Y	3	0.01	0.80	0.796	0	0.87	0.559
N × P × E	2	0.01	1.72	0.017	0.01	2.14	0.023
N × Y × E	6	0.01	1.06	0.336	0.01	0.76	0.828
P × Y × E	6	0.03	2.10	0.001	0.01	1.04	0.378
N × P × Y × E	6	0.01	0.73	0.966	0	0.44	1.000