Effects of vertical deep rotary tillage with organic fertilizer on leaf senescence characteristics and yield of maize in saline soil

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0048

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims In view of the expanding area of saline-alkaline land and the decline of maize (Zea mays) yield in Yinhuang Irrigation District of Ningxia, it is important to explore the effect of vertical deep rotary tillage with organic fertilizer on the aging characteristics of maize leaves and yield, which can provide theoretical basis for delaying the aging of maize and boosting yield in saline-alkaline land of this region.

Methods The study was carried out in Pingluo, Ningxia in 2021-2022. Two types of tillage methods including conventional tillage (TF, tilling depth 25-30 cm) and vertical deep rotary tillage (DT, depth 40-45 cm) were set as main zones, and four levels of organic fertilizers including 0 kg·hm^-2 (M0), 7 500 kg·hm^-2 (M1), 15 000 kg·hm^-2 (M2) and 22 500 kg·hm^-2 (M3) were set as sub-zones for analyzing the yield and leaf senescence characteristics of maize in saline-alkaline land.

Important findings (1) In the DT plus M2 treatment, the yield of maize was significantly increased, and the amount of organic fertilizer should be kept between 14 505-16 710 kg·hm^-2 to maximize the yield; under this treatment, the leaf area index (LAI) and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of maize were significantly increased, and the onset of leaf senescence was delayed by 1.7-2.19 d. (2) Compared with other treatments, DT with organic fertilizers decreased soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC), proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and increased the contents of alkaline nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and organic matter (OM). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and the contents of soluble sugar (SS) has significantly increased. The M2 treatment was the best among the four treatments. Compared with the M2 treatment, excessive organic fertilizer input (M3) increased soil pH, EC, and MDA content, and decreased nutrient content, SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity, SS content, and Pro content, which inhibited the growth and yield of maize. (3) Pearson correlation analysis showed that maize yield was significantly or highly significantly positively correlated with leaf LAI, SPAD, SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity, Pro content, SS content, soil AN content, AK content, and OM content, and significantly or highly significantly negatively correlated with MDA content and EC. (4) The principal component analysis showed that the composite scores of M2 > M3 > M1 > M0 under vertical deep rotary tillage with organic fertilizer treatment. In this study, vertical deep rotary tillage with 15 000 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer could effectively improve the saline soil environment, delay leaf senescence, increase leaf antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduce the accumulation of MDA, which in turn could stimulate the yield of maize.

Key words: maize, tillage practices, organic fertilizer dosage, leaf physiological properties, soil chemical properties, yield

LI Yue-Qi, MA Zhong-Hua, LIU Wei-Fan, SU Ming, WAN Meng-Hu, LI Qing-Yun, ZHANG Dan, LIU Ji-Li, WU Na. Effects of vertical deep rotary tillage with organic fertilizer on leaf senescence characteristics and yield of maize in saline soil[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2026, 50(1): 222-236.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0048

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Figures/Tables 13

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年份 Year	全盐含量Total salt content (g·kg^-1)	pH	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)	全磷含量 Total phosphorus (P) content (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮含量 Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷含量 Available P content (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg·kg^-1)
2021	2.76	8.68	14.20	0.77	0.58	30.29	22.00	214.27
2022	2.31	7.98	17.28	0.88	0.67	35.67	25.76	234.76

年份 Year	全盐含量Total salt content (g·kg^-1)	pH	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)	全磷含量 Total phosphorus (P) content (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮含量 Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷含量 Available P content (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg·kg^-1)
2021	2.76	8.68	14.20	0.77	0.58	30.29	22.00	214.27
2022	2.31	7.98	17.28	0.88	0.67	35.67	25.76	234.76

年份 Year	耕作方式 Farming practices	有机肥用量 Organic fertilizer application rate (M)	pH	EC	AN (mg·kg^-1)	AP (mg·kg^-1)	AK (mg·kg^-1)	OM (mg·kg^-1)
2021	TF	M0	8.91^a	0.30^a	35.09^c	16.15^c	213.97^c	16.82^d
		M1	8.91^a	0.28^a	39.76^b	18.97^b	256.34^b	18.46^c
		M2	8.44^b	0.15^c	44.43^a	22.20^a	350.19^a	24.37^a
		M3	8.49^b	0.18^b	42.56^a	19.29^b	257.45^b	23.09^b
	DT	M0	8.58^b	0.25^a	36.03^c	17.33^a	229.89^c	18.03^b
		M1	8.83^a	0.19^b	43.49^bc	18.97^a	257.01^b	18.49^b
		M2	8.56^b	0.13^c	51.89^a	23.70^a	350.52^a	24.15^a
		M3	8.81^a	0.18^b	48.16^ab	21.24^a	270.60^b	23.41^a
2022	TF	M0	8.56^a	0.79^a	42.81^b	19.96^b	196.97^b	14.00^d
		M1	8.40^ab	0.33^b	44.27^b	20.53^b	241.80^ab	15.80^c
		M2	7.59^c	0.23^c	50.89^a	25.78^a	337.92^a	19.36^a
		M3	7.64^bc	0.32^b	50.46^a	21.97^b	248.79^ab	17.74^b
	DT	M0	7.95^a	0.51^a	48.93^c	20.27^c	209.50^b	14.90^c
		M1	7.82^b	0.43^ab	51.08^bc	23.04^b	246.94^b	16.39^b
		M2	7.71^b	0.25^b	54.64^a	26.48^a	342.14^a	20.62^a
		M3	7.82^b	0.31^ab	52.75^ab	24.18^b	250.85^b	20.07^a
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)			**	**	**	**	NS	**
耕作方式 Farming practices (F)			NS	*	**	*	NS	**
有机肥施用量 OFA rate (M)			**	**	**	**	**	**
Y × F			NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	**
Y × M			NS	**	*	NS	NS	**
F × M			**	**	NS	NS	NS	NS
Y × F × M			NS	**	*	NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	耕作方式 Farming practices	有机肥用量 Organic fertilizer application rate (M)	pH	EC	AN (mg·kg^-1)	AP (mg·kg^-1)	AK (mg·kg^-1)	OM (mg·kg^-1)
2021	TF	M0	8.91^a	0.30^a	35.09^c	16.15^c	213.97^c	16.82^d
		M1	8.91^a	0.28^a	39.76^b	18.97^b	256.34^b	18.46^c
		M2	8.44^b	0.15^c	44.43^a	22.20^a	350.19^a	24.37^a
		M3	8.49^b	0.18^b	42.56^a	19.29^b	257.45^b	23.09^b
	DT	M0	8.58^b	0.25^a	36.03^c	17.33^a	229.89^c	18.03^b
		M1	8.83^a	0.19^b	43.49^bc	18.97^a	257.01^b	18.49^b
		M2	8.56^b	0.13^c	51.89^a	23.70^a	350.52^a	24.15^a
		M3	8.81^a	0.18^b	48.16^ab	21.24^a	270.60^b	23.41^a
2022	TF	M0	8.56^a	0.79^a	42.81^b	19.96^b	196.97^b	14.00^d
		M1	8.40^ab	0.33^b	44.27^b	20.53^b	241.80^ab	15.80^c
		M2	7.59^c	0.23^c	50.89^a	25.78^a	337.92^a	19.36^a
		M3	7.64^bc	0.32^b	50.46^a	21.97^b	248.79^ab	17.74^b
	DT	M0	7.95^a	0.51^a	48.93^c	20.27^c	209.50^b	14.90^c
		M1	7.82^b	0.43^ab	51.08^bc	23.04^b	246.94^b	16.39^b
		M2	7.71^b	0.25^b	54.64^a	26.48^a	342.14^a	20.62^a
		M3	7.82^b	0.31^ab	52.75^ab	24.18^b	250.85^b	20.07^a
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)			**	**	**	**	NS	**
耕作方式 Farming practices (F)			NS	*	**	*	NS	**
有机肥施用量 OFA rate (M)			**	**	**	**	**	**
Y × F			NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	**
Y × M			NS	**	*	NS	NS	**
F × M			**	**	NS	NS	NS	NS
Y × F × M			NS	**	*	NS	NS	NS

变异来源 Source of variation	年份 Year (Y)	耕作方式 Farming practices (F)	有机肥施用量 Organic fertilizer application rate (M)	Y × F	Y × M	F × M
LAI	0.20^NS	48.55^**	80.48^**	12.66^**	0.21^NS	2.59^NS	1.25^NS
SPAD	4.01^NS	273^**	55.54^**	13.87^**	0.87^NS	0.97^NS	0.78^NS
SOD	69 863^**	2 104^**	321^**	1 646^**	163^**	37.81^**	26.70^**
POD	68 952^**	2 162^**	330^**	1 690^**	168^**	38.84^**	27.45^**
CAT	9.84^*	959^**	2 053^**	0.01^NS	0.00^NS	8.63^**	0.00^NS
MDA	44.67^**	28.93^**	26.76^**	0.02^NS	0.94^NS	1.75^NS	0.51^NS
Pro	82.10^**	606^**	1 227^**	66.46^**	11.74^**	60.48^**	12.28^**
SS	0.61^NS	46.42^**	38.43^**	10.40^**	0.65^NS	3.96^*	0.03^NS
产量 Yield	0.15^NS	82.53^**	59.13^**	0.22^NS	0.21^NS	3.58^*	0.34^NS