Abstract:

In line with the evolution of fundamental concepts and theories in the discipline, ecology persists in developing its conceptual and theoretical framework. This paper puts forward and expounds on the potential foundational principles of ecology through the application of analytical, synthetic, and dialectical methods. (1) Scale-dependent principle. The regularities and mechanisms governing ecological processes are contingent upon spatial and temporal scales, as well as ecological organization or hierarchy. Corresponding concepts and theories are typically formulated for specific scales. Constructing a comprehensive theory that spans all scales continues to pose a substantial challenge. (2) Dynamic equilibrium principle. Considering the openness of ecosystems, especially their biological and ecological metabolic characteristics, a specific stage in an ecological process or a particular state of an ecosystem can only attain a dynamic equilibrium. The nature of this equilibrium depends on the system’s inherent regulatory capacity, encompassing both resistance and resilience, as well as the stage of succession. Typically, the climax of ecological succession signifies a stable equilibrium state for the ecosystem or community. Following this climax, the system may possibly shift into a non-equilibrium condition. (3) Feedback interaction principle. Feedback interactions play a crucial role in determining and regulating the nature and function of ecological processes and systems. Positive feedback can lead to unidirectional amplification or diminishment of these processes, while negative feedback generally maintains the equilibrium of ecological systems, including biological homeostasis. The dynamic balance between positive and negative feedback mechanisms within the ecological-evolutionary process governs the stability or instability of ecosystems. In actuality, the scale-dependent principle addresses the overarching cognitive perspective of ecological phenomena and processes, while the dynamic equilibrium principle focuses on the intrinsic nature of ecological processes or states. The feedback interaction principle, underscores the core issues in ecology, particularly the interactions among living organisms and between living organisms and non-living entities. These fundamental ecological principles or rules exhibit both relative independence and a degree of compatibility, yet they are inherently and inevitably interconnected. Understanding and establishing the fundamental principles of ecology will not only facilitate the progress of ecological concepts and theories but also contribute to the development and improvement of the scientific framework of ecology.

Key words: ecology, scale-dependent principle, dynamic equilibrium principle, feedback interaction principle