Responses of soil CH4 and CO2 flux to warming and nitrogen addition during freeze-thaw cycles in a desert steppe of Nei Mongol, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0040

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Soil CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes, as key components of global carbon cycle, have a central role in mitigating and adapting to climate change. However, how soil CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes respond to climate warming and nitrogen (N) deposition during freeze-thaw cycles remain poorly understood.

Methods Here we investigated the effects of long-term (18 years) warming and N addition on soil CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes continuously during freeze-thaw cycles in a desert steppe of Nei Mongol used the SF-3500 multi-channel automatic soil gas flux measurement and control system from May 2021 to April 2022.

Important findings We found that warming, but not N addition, increased soil temperature. Warming and N addition did not change soil moisture. Annual cumulative CH₄ uptake flux ranged from 344 to 471 mg C·m^-2 in this desert steppe. Warming prolonged the duration of autumn freeze and increased soil cumulative CH₄ uptake flux, whereas N addition and warming plus N addition decreased CH₄ uptake during this period. On average, soil CH₄ uptake flux during the frozen winter period contributed to 8% of the annual total flux and no significant differences among different treatments. The contribution of soil CH₄ uptake during the spring thaw to annual total flux was 14%, and did not be changed by the warming and N addition treatments. Annual cumulative CO₂emission flux ranged from 101 to 106 g C·m^-2 in this desert steppe. Soil CO₂ emission flux during the autumn freeze period contributed most to non-growing season flux, and it tended to increase with warming and N addition. In particular, soil CO₂ flux shifted from emission to absorption during the frozen winter period. Both warming and warming plus N addition significantly increased CO₂ emission flux during the spring thaw. Overall, soil CO₂ flux during the non-growing season contributed to 9% of the annual total CO₂flux. Soil CH₄ absorption and soil CO₂emission were significantly correlated with soil temperature and moisture. Our results indicate that the desert steppe ecosystem acted as CH₄ uptake and CO₂ emission throughout the whole year, which help to understand the response, strength and direction of carbon source-sink under global change scenarios.

Key words: desert grassland, climate warming, nitrogen deposition, freeze-thaw circles, soil CH₄ uptake, soil CO₂ emission

ZHANG Xue-Yuan, GAO Cui-Ping, TANG Jing-Lei, ZHU Yi, TIAN Lei, HAN Guo-Dong, REN Hai-Yan. Responses of soil CH₄ and CO₂ flux to warming and nitrogen addition during freeze-thaw cycles in a desert steppe of Nei Mongol, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(10): 1291-1301.

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Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Mean air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature and moisture corresponding to different freeze-thaw stages of soil. A, Mean air temperature and precipitation. B, Soil temperature at 0-10 cm depth. C, Soil moisture at 0-10 cm depth. D, Soil freeze-thaw stage of different treatments. The black vertical line distinguishes between growing season (Gs) and non-growing season (Ngs), and the area between the black vertical dotted lines are the frozen winter (Sfw), area between the gray vertical dotted lines are the autumn freezing (Saf); Sst, spring thaw. CK, control; N, nitrogen addition; W, warming; W+N, warming + nitrogen addition. Freezing, autumn-winter freezing; Frozen, frozen in winter; Thawed, growing season thawed; Thawing, winter-spring thawing.

Fig. 2 Annual and seasonal cumulative CH4 uptake and the relative contribution of seasonal CH4 uptake to annual CH4 uptake under different treatments. A, Cumulative CH4 uptake (mean ± SE). B, Relative contribution of seasonal CH4 uptake to annual CH4 uptake under different treatments. CK, control; N, nitrogen addition; W, warming; W+N, warming + nitrogen addition. GS, Saf, Sfw, and Sst refer to growing season, autumn freeze, frozen winter, and spring thaw, respectively, which are defined according to the different soil freeze-thaw stages of the control. Different lowercase letters indicate a significant difference among treatments (p < 0.05). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

Table 1 Linear mixed effects modeling analysis for the effects of warming (W), nitrogen addition (N), period (P), and their interactions on soil CH4 uptake flux and CO2 emission flux

处理 Treatment	CH₄吸收通量 CH₄ uptake flux
处理 Treatment	F	p	F	p
增温 W	0.034	0.858	0.006	0.943
氮添加 N	0.571	0.472	0.003	0.960
时期 P	175.339	<0.000 1	105.211	<0.000 1
增温×氮添加 W × N	0.481	0.508	0.021	0.889
增温×时期 W × P	0.010	0.921	2.433	0.119
氮添加×时期 N × P	6.676	0.010	1.994	0.158
增温×氮添加×时期 W × N × P	0.882	0.348	0.128	0.720

Fig. 3 Annual and seasonal cumulative CO2 flux and the relative contribution of seasonal CO2 flux to annual CO2 flux under different treatments. A, Cumulative CO2 flux (mean ± SE). B, Relative contribution of seasonal CO2 flux to annual CO2 flux under different treatments. CK, control; N, nitrogen addition; W, warming; W+N, warming + nitrogen addition. GS, Saf, Sfw, and Sst refer to growing season, autumn freeze, frozen winter, and spring thaw, respectively, which are defined according to the different soil freeze-thaw stages of the control. Different lowercase letters indicate a significant difference among treatments (p < 0.05). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

Table 2 Effects of warming and nitrogen addition on soil physical and chemical properties (mean ± SE)

处理 Treatment	对照 Control	氮添加 Nitrogen addition	增温 Warming	增温+氮添加 Warming + nitrogen addition
ST (℃)	6.24 ± 2.02^b	6.28 ± 2.03^b	7.89 ± 2.03^a	7.91 ± 2.05^a
SM (%)	5.33 ± 0.57^a	5.93 ± 0.72^a	7.27 ± 0.72^a	6.38 ± 0.72^a

Fig. 4 Linear fitting of annual CH4 uptake flux with soil temperature and soil moisture. Solid lines are fitted by linear regression, and the gray shadow represents the 95% confidence interval. CK, control; N, nitrogen addition; W, warming; W+N, warming + nitrogen addition. ***, p < 0.001.

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Responses of soil CH₄ and CO₂ flux to warming and nitrogen addition during freeze-thaw cycles in a desert steppe of Nei Mongol, China

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