Physiological and ecological responses to drought and heat stresses in Osmanthus fragrans ‘Boyejingui’

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0017

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Drought and heat stresses are two critical environmental factors affecting the growth and development of plants; climate change has exacerbated the occurrence of these conditions in many parts of the world. To elucidate the mechanisms of responses to drought and heat stresses in Osmanthus fragrans, we studied changes in nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions using 3-year-old seedlings (cultivar ‘Boyejingui’) under conditions of low drought (LD), moderate drought (MD) and severe drought (SD), interactively with heat treatments (40 °C in daytime (12 h) and 30 °C at night (12 h)).

Methods The VOCs emissions were measured using the dynamic headspace air-circulation method, and the composition and content of VOCs were analyzed using the thermal desorption system/gas chromatography/mass spectrometer technique (TDS-GC-MS). We determined the content of NSC and activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) in seedlings under different drought and heat treatments.

Important findings The content of NSC in leaves was not significantly affected by drought stress. The contents of soluble sugar and starch were significantly reduced by heat stress as well as combination of drought and heat stresses. The combination of severe drought and heat treatment significantly reduced the contents of glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch by 47.7%, 46.4%, 34.4% and 38.2% (p < 0.05), respectively. There were differences among the activities of HMGR, DXR and LOX in response to drought and heat stresses. Under drought and combined stresses, the activities of HMGR and DXR increased first and then decreased, and the LOX activity increased. The activities of HMGR, DXR and LOX were significantly higher under heat stress than in controls. The release of terpenes increased first and then decreased with the level of drought treatments. MD and SD stress stimulated the release of terpenes by 37.9% and 32.3% (p < 0.05), respectively, but the combined stresses induced a reduction in the release of terpenes. The release of aldehydes increased significantly in response to drought, heat treatment, and their combination. The results indicated that ‘Boyejingui’ seedlings can enhance resistance to drought stress by adjusting contents of non-structural carbohydrate and releasing terpene compounds. They also adjusted the biosynthesis of terpene compounds and GLVs emission to resist against heat stress. However, the biosynthesis pathway of terpene compounds was blocked in the occurrence of both drought and heat stresses, when the enhanced release of GLVs facilitated the resistance. Under heat stress, moderate and severe drought caused severe damage to cell membranes, thus reducing the self-regulatory capacity.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/ZWSB201806008

Key words: Osmanthus fragrans, drought and heat stress, non-structural carbohydrate, volatile organic compounds, secondary metabolic enzymes

WANG Jun-Yu, WANG Xiao-Dong, MA Yuan-Dan, FU Lu-Cheng, ZHOU Huan-Huan, WANG Bin, ZHANG Ru-Min, GAO Yan. Physiological and ecological responses to drought and heat stresses in Osmanthus fragrans ‘Boyejingui’[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2018, 42(6): 681-691.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2018.0017

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2018/V42/I6/681

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Effects of drought and heat stress on glucose content in leaves of Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Boyejingui’ (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences of drought and different lowercase letters denote statistically significant differences of heat stress treatment (p < 0.05, according to LSD test). p < 0.01. CK, control; LD, light drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought.

Fig. 2 Effects of drought and heat stress on fructose content in leaves of Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Boyejingui’ (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences of drought and different lowercase letters denote statistically significant differences of heat stress treatment (p < 0.05, according to LSD test). **, p < 0.01. CK, control; LD, light processing; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought.

Fig. 3 Effects of drought and heat stress on sucrose content in leaves of Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Boyejingui’ (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences of drought and different lowercase letters denote statistically significant differences of heat stress treatment (p < 0.05, according to LSD test). p < 0.01. CK, control; LD, light drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought.

Fig. 4 Effects of drought and heat stress on starch content in leaves of Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Boyejingui’ (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences of drought and different lowercase letters denote statistically significant differences of heat stress treatment (p < 0.05, according to LSD test). **, p < 0.01. CK, control; LD, light drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought.

Fig. 5 Effects of drought and heat stress on 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) activity in leaves of Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Boyejingui’ (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences of drought and different lowercase letters denote statistically significant differences of heat stress treatment (p < 0.05, according to LSD test). **, p < 0.01. CK, control; LD, light drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought.

Fig. 6 Effects of drought and heat stress on 1-deoxy- D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) activity in leaves of Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Boyejingui’ (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences of drought and different lowercase letters denote statistically significant differences of d heat stress treatment (p < 0.05, according to LSD test). **, p < 0.01;. CK, control; LD, light drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought.

Fig. 7 Effects of drought and heat stress on lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in leaves of Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Boyejingui’ (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences of different lowercase letters denote statistically significant differences of from drought and heat stress treatment (p < 0.05, according to LSD test). **, p < 0.01. CK, control; LD, light drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought.

Table 1 The main components of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the leaf of Osmanthus fragrans ‘Boyejingui’ (peak area, A × 105·10 g-1) (mean ± SE)

序号 No.	挥发性有机物 Volatile organic compounds	分子式 Chemical formula	28 ℃				40 ℃
序号 No.	挥发性有机物 Volatile organic compounds	分子式 Chemical formula	对照 Control	轻度干旱 Light drought	中度干旱 Moderate drought	重度干旱 Severe drought	对照 Control	轻度干旱 Light drought	中度干旱 Moderate drought	重度干旱 Severe drought
1	己烯醛 3-Hexenal	C₆H₁₀O	3.33 ± 0.23	0.58 ± 0.65	2.27 ± 0.12	-	3.61 ± 0.26	-	-	1.15 ± 0.05
2	2-甲基-4-戊烯醛 2-Methyl-4-pentenal	C₆H₁₀O	0.99 ± 0.11	2.36 ± 0.23	-	5.97 ± 0.35	-	2.88 ± 0.12	3.14 ± 0.16	1.69 ± 0.13
3	2-已烯醛 (E)-2-Hexenal	C₆H₁₀O	2.48 ± 0.18	2.14 ± 0.23	2.54 ± 0.21	8.67 ± 1.14	4.53 ± 0.54	4.35 ± 0.08	8.01 ± 0.24	7.03 ± 0.19
4	苯基丁醛 4-Phenylbutanal	C₁₀H₁₂O	-	1.85 ± 0.11	-	-	-	5.48 ± 0.13	2.58 ± 0.06	2.74 ± 0.06
5	山梨醛 Sorbaldehyde	C₆H₈O	1.08 ± 0.06	2.82 ± 0.08	1.90 ± 0.04	3.05 ± 0.64	1.80 ± 0.08	-	2.61 ± 0.11	2.33 ± 0.08
6	辛烯醛 2-Ethylhexenal	C₈H₁₄O	-	1.91 ± 0.04	4.86 ± 0.81	-	3.77 ± 0.12	1.37 ± 0.06	0.67 ± 0.02	-
7	壬醛 n-Nonanal	C₉H₁₈O	-	-	-	-	0.76 ± 0.02	1.21 ± 0.04	0.90 ± 0.05	0.53 ± 0.02
8	反-3-己烯醇 trans-3-Hexenol	C₆H₁₂O	6.80 ± 0.45	8.07 ± 0.62	7.85 ± 0.67	4.12 ± 0.35	9.26 ± 1.61	2.50 ± 0.27	5.38 ± 1.01	3.20 ± 0.32
9	(3E)-3-壬烯醇 (3E)-3-Nonen-1-ol	C₉H₁₈O	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.24 ± 0.07	1.17 ± 0.11
10	2-乙基己醇 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol	C₈H₁₈O	4.28 ± 0.14	1.25 ± 0.08	-	1.93 ± 0.07	-	8.29 ± 0.61	2.08 ± 0.10	2.15 ± 0.09
11	反罗勒烯 Ocimene	C₁₀H₁₆	1.65 ± 0.06	1.53 ± 0.11	2.02 ± 0.08	1.85 ± 0.05	1.55 ± 0.08	-	0.80 ± 0.02	-
12	薄荷烯 cis-p-Menthane	C₁₀H₂₀	3.38 ± 0.04	-	2.03 ± 0.06	-	1.50 ± 0.12	2.48 ± 0.21	-	1.08 ± 0.05
13	柠檬烯 Limonene	C₁₀H₁₆	3.83 ± 0.07	1.42 ± 0.12	1.61 ± 0.12	1.74 ± 0.10	3.29 ± 0.29	1.65 ± 0.15	1.67 ± 0.03	0.94 ± 0.04
14	罗勒烯Ocimene	C₁₀H₁₆	0.18 ± 0.01	3.25 ± 0.24	2.58 ± 0.22	1.44 ± 0.14	1.40 ± 0.10	-	0.94 ± 0.05	-
15	α-蒎烯alpha-Pinene	C₁₀H₁₆	0.07 ± 0.01	2.68 ± 0.16	3.13 ± 0.02	2.52 ± 0.09	5.24 ± 0.34	4.83 ± 0.37	3.60 ± 0.34	2.69 ± 0.27
16	紫苏烯 Perillen	C₁₀H₁₄O	0.34 ± 0.04	0.53 ± 0.05	1.05 ± 0.11	1.60 ± 0.06	1.03 ± 0.02	0.63 ± 0.01	0.54 ± 0.02	-
17	长叶烯 Longifolene	C₁₅H₂₄	1.77 ± 0.13	3.69 ± 0.05	2.05 ± 0.23	0.71 ± 0.03	0.83 ± 0.01	1.46 ± 0.04	1.03 ± 0.02	0.88 ± 0.04
18	丁香烯π Caryophyllen	C₁₅H₂₄	-	-	-	-	-	1.07 ± 0.05	-	-
19	顺-3-乙酸叶醇酯 cis-3-Hexenyl acetate	C₈H₁₄O₂	1.55 ± 0.06	1.61 ± 0.86	2.25 ± 0.61	4.73 ± 1.37	6.11 ± 1.01	2.63 ± 0.31	2.20 ± 0.92	4.09 ± 0.56
20	丙烯酸正己酯 Hexyl acrylate	C₉H₁₆O₂	1.90 ± 0.09	-	-	-	-	2.58 ± 0.18	1.55 ± 0.02	1.08 ± 0.04
21	异丁酸庚酯 Heptyl isobutyrate	C₁₁H₂₂O₂	-	-	0.96 ± 0.03	5.66 ± 0.63	2.45 ± 0.23	6.00 ± 0.93	3.10 ± 0.43	2.47 ± 0.41
22	丁酸庚酯 Heptyl butyrate	C₁₁H₂₂O₂	1.39 ± 0.05	1.31 ± 0.03	4.22 ± 0.08	2.05 ± 0.39	5.02 ± 0.71	4.40 ± 1.21	2.79 ± 0.94	2.18 ± 0.52
23	丁酸丁酯 Butyl butyrate	C₈H₁₆O₂	3.87 ± 0.14	3.07 ± 0.54	5.93 ± 0.35	1.71 ± 0.48	1.25 ± 0.08	-	-	-
	合计		38.89	40.07	48.25	47.75	53.4	52.81	44.83	37.37

Table 1 The main components of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the leaf of Osmanthus fragrans ‘Boyejingui’ (peak area, A × 105·10 g-1) (mean ± SE)

序号 No.	挥发性有机物 Volatile organic compounds	分子式 Chemical formula	28 ℃				40 ℃
序号 No.	挥发性有机物 Volatile organic compounds	分子式 Chemical formula	对照 Control	轻度干旱 Light drought	中度干旱 Moderate drought	重度干旱 Severe drought	对照 Control	轻度干旱 Light drought	中度干旱 Moderate drought	重度干旱 Severe drought
1	己烯醛 3-Hexenal	C₆H₁₀O	3.33 ± 0.23	0.58 ± 0.65	2.27 ± 0.12	-	3.61 ± 0.26	-	-	1.15 ± 0.05
2	2-甲基-4-戊烯醛 2-Methyl-4-pentenal	C₆H₁₀O	0.99 ± 0.11	2.36 ± 0.23	-	5.97 ± 0.35	-	2.88 ± 0.12	3.14 ± 0.16	1.69 ± 0.13
3	2-已烯醛 (E)-2-Hexenal	C₆H₁₀O	2.48 ± 0.18	2.14 ± 0.23	2.54 ± 0.21	8.67 ± 1.14	4.53 ± 0.54	4.35 ± 0.08	8.01 ± 0.24	7.03 ± 0.19
4	苯基丁醛 4-Phenylbutanal	C₁₀H₁₂O	-	1.85 ± 0.11	-	-	-	5.48 ± 0.13	2.58 ± 0.06	2.74 ± 0.06
5	山梨醛 Sorbaldehyde	C₆H₈O	1.08 ± 0.06	2.82 ± 0.08	1.90 ± 0.04	3.05 ± 0.64	1.80 ± 0.08	-	2.61 ± 0.11	2.33 ± 0.08
6	辛烯醛 2-Ethylhexenal	C₈H₁₄O	-	1.91 ± 0.04	4.86 ± 0.81	-	3.77 ± 0.12	1.37 ± 0.06	0.67 ± 0.02	-
7	壬醛 n-Nonanal	C₉H₁₈O	-	-	-	-	0.76 ± 0.02	1.21 ± 0.04	0.90 ± 0.05	0.53 ± 0.02
8	反-3-己烯醇 trans-3-Hexenol	C₆H₁₂O	6.80 ± 0.45	8.07 ± 0.62	7.85 ± 0.67	4.12 ± 0.35	9.26 ± 1.61	2.50 ± 0.27	5.38 ± 1.01	3.20 ± 0.32
9	(3E)-3-壬烯醇 (3E)-3-Nonen-1-ol	C₉H₁₈O	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.24 ± 0.07	1.17 ± 0.11
10	2-乙基己醇 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol	C₈H₁₈O	4.28 ± 0.14	1.25 ± 0.08	-	1.93 ± 0.07	-	8.29 ± 0.61	2.08 ± 0.10	2.15 ± 0.09
11	反罗勒烯 Ocimene	C₁₀H₁₆	1.65 ± 0.06	1.53 ± 0.11	2.02 ± 0.08	1.85 ± 0.05	1.55 ± 0.08	-	0.80 ± 0.02	-
12	薄荷烯 cis-p-Menthane	C₁₀H₂₀	3.38 ± 0.04	-	2.03 ± 0.06	-	1.50 ± 0.12	2.48 ± 0.21	-	1.08 ± 0.05
13	柠檬烯 Limonene	C₁₀H₁₆	3.83 ± 0.07	1.42 ± 0.12	1.61 ± 0.12	1.74 ± 0.10	3.29 ± 0.29	1.65 ± 0.15	1.67 ± 0.03	0.94 ± 0.04
14	罗勒烯Ocimene	C₁₀H₁₆	0.18 ± 0.01	3.25 ± 0.24	2.58 ± 0.22	1.44 ± 0.14	1.40 ± 0.10	-	0.94 ± 0.05	-
15	α-蒎烯alpha-Pinene	C₁₀H₁₆	0.07 ± 0.01	2.68 ± 0.16	3.13 ± 0.02	2.52 ± 0.09	5.24 ± 0.34	4.83 ± 0.37	3.60 ± 0.34	2.69 ± 0.27
16	紫苏烯 Perillen	C₁₀H₁₄O	0.34 ± 0.04	0.53 ± 0.05	1.05 ± 0.11	1.60 ± 0.06	1.03 ± 0.02	0.63 ± 0.01	0.54 ± 0.02	-
17	长叶烯 Longifolene	C₁₅H₂₄	1.77 ± 0.13	3.69 ± 0.05	2.05 ± 0.23	0.71 ± 0.03	0.83 ± 0.01	1.46 ± 0.04	1.03 ± 0.02	0.88 ± 0.04
18	丁香烯π Caryophyllen	C₁₅H₂₄	-	-	-	-	-	1.07 ± 0.05	-	-
19	顺-3-乙酸叶醇酯 cis-3-Hexenyl acetate	C₈H₁₄O₂	1.55 ± 0.06	1.61 ± 0.86	2.25 ± 0.61	4.73 ± 1.37	6.11 ± 1.01	2.63 ± 0.31	2.20 ± 0.92	4.09 ± 0.56
20	丙烯酸正己酯 Hexyl acrylate	C₉H₁₆O₂	1.90 ± 0.09	-	-	-	-	2.58 ± 0.18	1.55 ± 0.02	1.08 ± 0.04
21	异丁酸庚酯 Heptyl isobutyrate	C₁₁H₂₂O₂	-	-	0.96 ± 0.03	5.66 ± 0.63	2.45 ± 0.23	6.00 ± 0.93	3.10 ± 0.43	2.47 ± 0.41
22	丁酸庚酯 Heptyl butyrate	C₁₁H₂₂O₂	1.39 ± 0.05	1.31 ± 0.03	4.22 ± 0.08	2.05 ± 0.39	5.02 ± 0.71	4.40 ± 1.21	2.79 ± 0.94	2.18 ± 0.52
23	丁酸丁酯 Butyl butyrate	C₈H₁₆O₂	3.87 ± 0.14	3.07 ± 0.54	5.93 ± 0.35	1.71 ± 0.48	1.25 ± 0.08	-	-	-
	合计		38.89	40.07	48.25	47.75	53.4	52.81	44.83	37.37

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