植物生态学报 ›› 2007, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 272-282.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0031
收稿日期:
2006-01-05
接受日期:
2006-05-11
出版日期:
2007-01-05
发布日期:
2007-03-30
通讯作者:
娄安如
作者简介:
* E-mail: louanru@bnu.edu.cn基金资助:
YANG Hui, LOU An-Ru(), GAO Yi-Jun, SONG Hong-Tao
Received:
2006-01-05
Accepted:
2006-05-11
Online:
2007-01-05
Published:
2007-03-30
Contact:
LOU An-Ru
摘要:
白桦(Betula platyphylla)群落是北京东灵山地区主要的群落类型之一。该文从生命表特征、年龄结构、存活曲线以及种群和不同龄期个体群空间分布格局4个方面,研究了北京东灵山地区白桦种群的生活史动态特征与空间分布规律。研究结果表明:北京东灵山地区白桦种群在其生长过程中,当胸径达到20 cm左右时(即第Ⅴ龄级时),由于种内不同个体间为争夺空间与阳光,将遭遇一次死亡高峰,随后将进入一个平稳的生长期,最后在第Ⅵ龄级之后,死亡率再次逐渐升高;北京东灵山地区白桦种群属于衰退型种群;白桦种群的存活曲线基本接近Ⅰ型(曲线凸型),虽幼苗存活率较低,但整体上白桦种群对环境具有较强的适应能力;在种间竞争较小的情况下,白桦种群呈聚集分布,而种间竞争激烈时种群分布趋于随机;生物因素和环境因素是影响白桦种群空间分布格局的两个主要原因,表现在不同的环境条件下,白桦种群不同年龄级的个体群呈现出集群分布或随机分布,处于不同发育阶段的个体群,其空间分布格局是随时间变化的。
杨慧, 娄安如, 高益军, 宋宏涛. 北京东灵山地区白桦种群生活史特征与空间分布格局. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(2): 272-282. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0031
YANG Hui, LOU An-Ru, GAO Yi-Jun, SONG Hong-Tao. LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BETULA PLATYPHYLLA POPULATION IN THE DONGLING MOUNTAIN REGION, BEIJING, CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(2): 272-282. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0031
径级x DBH class | 存活数Nx Number of survival | 存活数标准化Lx Standard survival | lgLx | 死亡数Dx Standard death at interval | 死亡率Qx Mortality | 从第x径级起超过x径 级的有活个体总数T | 生命期望Ex Expecting life | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 5 | 29.5 | 1.470 | - | - | 466.5 | 93.300 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅱ | 54 | 82.5 | 1.916 | - | - | 437.0 | 8.093 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅲ | 111 | 122.5 | 2.088 | - | - | 354.5 | 3.194 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅳ | 134 | 115.5 | 2.063 | 37 | 0.276 | 232.0 | 1.731 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅴ | 97 | 67.0 | 1.826 | 60 | 0.619 | 116.5 | 1.201 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅵ | 37 | 29.5 | 1.470 | 15 | 0.405 | 49.5 | 1.338 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅶ | 22 | 14.5 | 1.161 | 15 | 0.682 | 20.0 | 0.909 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅷ | 7 | 4.5 | 0.653 | 5 | 0.714 | 5.5 | 0.786 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅸ | 2 | 1.0 | 0.000 | 2 | 1.000 | 1.0 | 0.500 |
表1 北京东灵山地区白桦种群静态生命表
Table 1 Life table of Betula platyphylla population in Dongling Mountain in Beijing
径级x DBH class | 存活数Nx Number of survival | 存活数标准化Lx Standard survival | lgLx | 死亡数Dx Standard death at interval | 死亡率Qx Mortality | 从第x径级起超过x径 级的有活个体总数T | 生命期望Ex Expecting life | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 5 | 29.5 | 1.470 | - | - | 466.5 | 93.300 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅱ | 54 | 82.5 | 1.916 | - | - | 437.0 | 8.093 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅲ | 111 | 122.5 | 2.088 | - | - | 354.5 | 3.194 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅳ | 134 | 115.5 | 2.063 | 37 | 0.276 | 232.0 | 1.731 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅴ | 97 | 67.0 | 1.826 | 60 | 0.619 | 116.5 | 1.201 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅵ | 37 | 29.5 | 1.470 | 15 | 0.405 | 49.5 | 1.338 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅶ | 22 | 14.5 | 1.161 | 15 | 0.682 | 20.0 | 0.909 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅷ | 7 | 4.5 | 0.653 | 5 | 0.714 | 5.5 | 0.786 | ||||||||||||||||
Ⅸ | 2 | 1.0 | 0.000 | 2 | 1.000 | 1.0 | 0.500 |
径级x DBH class | 存活数Nx Number of survival | 存活数标准化Lx Standard survival | lgLx | 死亡数Dx Standard death at interval | 死亡率Qx Mortality | 从第x径级起超过x径 级的有活个体总数T | 生命期望Ex Expecting life |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 3 | 17.0 | 1.230 | 275.5 | 91.833 | ||
Ⅱ | 31 | 48.5 | 1.686 | - | - | 258.5 | 8.339 |
Ⅲ | 66 | 79.0 | 1.898 | - | - | 210.0 | 3.182 |
Ⅳ | 92 | 74.0 | 1.869 | 36 | 0.391 | 131.0 | 1.424 |
Ⅴ | 56 | 36.0 | 1.556 | 40 | 0.714 | 57.0 | 1.018 |
Ⅵ | 16 | 12.0 | 1.079 | 8 | 0.500 | 21.0 | 1.313 |
Ⅶ | 8 | 6.0 | 0.778 | 4 | 0.500 | 9.0 | 1.125 |
Ⅷ | 4 | 2.5 | 0.398 | 3 | 0.750 | 3.0 | 0.750 |
Ⅸ | 1 | 0.5 | -0.301 | 1 | 1.000 | 0.5 | 0.500 |
表2 东灵山主峰东坡样地白桦种群静态生命表(样地1)
Table 2 Life table of Betula platyphylla population in the eastern slope of Dongling Mountain peak (plot 1)
径级x DBH class | 存活数Nx Number of survival | 存活数标准化Lx Standard survival | lgLx | 死亡数Dx Standard death at interval | 死亡率Qx Mortality | 从第x径级起超过x径 级的有活个体总数T | 生命期望Ex Expecting life |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 3 | 17.0 | 1.230 | 275.5 | 91.833 | ||
Ⅱ | 31 | 48.5 | 1.686 | - | - | 258.5 | 8.339 |
Ⅲ | 66 | 79.0 | 1.898 | - | - | 210.0 | 3.182 |
Ⅳ | 92 | 74.0 | 1.869 | 36 | 0.391 | 131.0 | 1.424 |
Ⅴ | 56 | 36.0 | 1.556 | 40 | 0.714 | 57.0 | 1.018 |
Ⅵ | 16 | 12.0 | 1.079 | 8 | 0.500 | 21.0 | 1.313 |
Ⅶ | 8 | 6.0 | 0.778 | 4 | 0.500 | 9.0 | 1.125 |
Ⅷ | 4 | 2.5 | 0.398 | 3 | 0.750 | 3.0 | 0.750 |
Ⅸ | 1 | 0.5 | -0.301 | 1 | 1.000 | 0.5 | 0.500 |
径级X DBH | 存活数Nx Number of survival | 存活数标准化Lx Standard survival | lgLx | 死亡数Dx Standard death at interval | 死亡率Qx Mortality | 从第x径级起超过x径 级的有活个体总数T | 生命期望Ex Expecting life |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 1 | 4.0 | 0.602 | - | - | 91.0 | 91.000 |
Ⅱ | 7 | 13.5 | 1.130 | - | - | 87.5 | 12.500 |
Ⅲ | 20 | 20.5 | 1.312 | - | - | 74.0 | 3.700 |
Ⅳ | 21 | 22.0 | 1.342 | - | - | 53.5 | 2.548 |
Ⅴ | 23 | 17.5 | 1.243 | 11 | 0.478 | 31.5 | 1.370 |
Ⅵ | 12 | 9.0 | 0.954 | 6 | 0.500 | 14.0 | 1.167 |
Ⅶ | 6 | 4.0 | 0.602 | 4 | 0.667 | 5.0 | 0.833 |
Ⅷ | 2 | 1.0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1.0 | 0.500 |
Ⅸ | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | - |
表3 南沟样地白桦种群静态生命表(样地2)
Table 3 Life table of Betula platyphylla population in Nangou (plot 2)
径级X DBH | 存活数Nx Number of survival | 存活数标准化Lx Standard survival | lgLx | 死亡数Dx Standard death at interval | 死亡率Qx Mortality | 从第x径级起超过x径 级的有活个体总数T | 生命期望Ex Expecting life |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 1 | 4.0 | 0.602 | - | - | 91.0 | 91.000 |
Ⅱ | 7 | 13.5 | 1.130 | - | - | 87.5 | 12.500 |
Ⅲ | 20 | 20.5 | 1.312 | - | - | 74.0 | 3.700 |
Ⅳ | 21 | 22.0 | 1.342 | - | - | 53.5 | 2.548 |
Ⅴ | 23 | 17.5 | 1.243 | 11 | 0.478 | 31.5 | 1.370 |
Ⅵ | 12 | 9.0 | 0.954 | 6 | 0.500 | 14.0 | 1.167 |
Ⅶ | 6 | 4.0 | 0.602 | 4 | 0.667 | 5.0 | 0.833 |
Ⅷ | 2 | 1.0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1.0 | 0.500 |
Ⅸ | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | - |
径级X DBH | 存活数Nx Number of survival | 存活数标准化Lx Standard survival | lgLx | 死亡数Dx Standard death at interval | 死亡率Qx Mortality | 从第x径级起超过x径 级的有活个体总数T | 生命期望Ex Expecting life |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 1 | 8.5 | 0.929 | 99.5 | 99.500 | ||
Ⅱ | 16 | 20.5 | 1.312 | - | - | 91.0 | 5.688 |
Ⅲ | 25 | 23.0 | 1.362 | 4 | 0.160 | 70.5 | 2.820 |
Ⅳ | 21 | 19.5 | 1.290 | 3 | 0.143 | 47.5 | 2.262 |
Ⅴ | 18 | 13.5 | 1.130 | 9 | 0.500 | 28.0 | 1.556 |
Ⅵ | 9 | 8.5 | 0.929 | 1 | 0.111 | 14.5 | 1.611 |
Ⅶ | 8 | 4.5 | 0.653 | 7 | 0.875 | 6.0 | 0.750 |
Ⅷ | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.500 |
Ⅸ | 1 | 0.5 | -0.301 | 1 | 1.000 | 0.5 | 0.500 |
表4 狗食槽样地白桦种群静态生命表(样地3)
Table 4 Life table of Betula platyphylla population in Goushicao (plot 3)
径级X DBH | 存活数Nx Number of survival | 存活数标准化Lx Standard survival | lgLx | 死亡数Dx Standard death at interval | 死亡率Qx Mortality | 从第x径级起超过x径 级的有活个体总数T | 生命期望Ex Expecting life |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 1 | 8.5 | 0.929 | 99.5 | 99.500 | ||
Ⅱ | 16 | 20.5 | 1.312 | - | - | 91.0 | 5.688 |
Ⅲ | 25 | 23.0 | 1.362 | 4 | 0.160 | 70.5 | 2.820 |
Ⅳ | 21 | 19.5 | 1.290 | 3 | 0.143 | 47.5 | 2.262 |
Ⅴ | 18 | 13.5 | 1.130 | 9 | 0.500 | 28.0 | 1.556 |
Ⅵ | 9 | 8.5 | 0.929 | 1 | 0.111 | 14.5 | 1.611 |
Ⅶ | 8 | 4.5 | 0.653 | 7 | 0.875 | 6.0 | 0.750 |
Ⅷ | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.500 |
Ⅸ | 1 | 0.5 | -0.301 | 1 | 1.000 | 0.5 | 0.500 |
径级 DBH class | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | Ⅶ | Ⅷ | Ⅸ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均树高 Average height (m) | 1.1 | 5.2 | 9.2 | 12.1 | 13.2 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 14.0 |
表5 白桦种群各径级平均树高
Table 5 Average height of Betula platyphylla population in each DBH class
径级 DBH class | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | Ⅶ | Ⅷ | Ⅸ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均树高 Average height (m) | 1.1 | 5.2 | 9.2 | 12.1 | 13.2 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 14.0 |
图1 各样地白桦种群的年龄结构 a. 东灵山地区白桦种群年龄结构 The total populations in Dongling Mountain b. 东灵山主峰东坡(样地1)白桦种群年龄结构 The population of B. platyphylla in Plot 1 c. 南沟地区(样地2)白桦种群年龄结构 The population of B. platyphylla in Plot 2 d. 狗食槽地区(样地3)白桦种群年龄结构 The population of B. platyphylla in Plot 3
Fig.1 The age structure of Betula platyphylla population in different plots
样地 Plot | 东灵山主峰东坡Plot 1 | 南沟Plot 2 | 狗食槽Plot 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
树种 Species | 白桦 Betula plcotyphylla | 伴生种 Accompanied species | 白桦 Betula plcotyphylla | 伴生种 Accompanied species | 白桦 Betula plcotyphylla | 伴生种 Accompanied species |
重要值 Important value | 79.0 | 21.0 | 52.5 | 47.5 | 55.1 | 44.9 |
Morisita指数 Morisita index Iδ | 1.197 | 0.615 | 1.066 | 0.718 | 1.058 | 1.155 |
F | 3.827 | -0.419 | 1.548 | -1.726 | 1.732 | 2.618* |
分布类型 Spatial pattern | 集群Cluster | 随机Random | 随机Random | 随机Random | 随机Random | 集群Cluster |
表6 北京东灵山地区白桦种群及其伴生树种的空间分布格局
Table 6 Spatial pattern of Betula platyphylla population and its accompanied species
样地 Plot | 东灵山主峰东坡Plot 1 | 南沟Plot 2 | 狗食槽Plot 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
树种 Species | 白桦 Betula plcotyphylla | 伴生种 Accompanied species | 白桦 Betula plcotyphylla | 伴生种 Accompanied species | 白桦 Betula plcotyphylla | 伴生种 Accompanied species |
重要值 Important value | 79.0 | 21.0 | 52.5 | 47.5 | 55.1 | 44.9 |
Morisita指数 Morisita index Iδ | 1.197 | 0.615 | 1.066 | 0.718 | 1.058 | 1.155 |
F | 3.827 | -0.419 | 1.548 | -1.726 | 1.732 | 2.618* |
分布类型 Spatial pattern | 集群Cluster | 随机Random | 随机Random | 随机Random | 随机Random | 集群Cluster |
样地Plot | 东灵山主峰东坡Plot 1 | 南沟Plot 2 | 狗食槽Plot 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
龄期 Age class | 幼龄 Young trees | 中龄 Adult trees | 成年 Old trees | 幼龄 Young trees | 中龄 Adult trees | 成年 Old trees | 幼龄 Young trees | 中龄 Adult trees | 成年 Old trees |
Morisita指数 Morisita index Iδ | 2.065 | 1.262 | 1.281 | 1.238 | 1.072 | 1.130 | 1.200 | 1.148 | 1.267 |
F | 2.681*** | 3.936*** | 1.414 | 1.119 | 1.423 | 1.234 | 1.429 | 2.183* | 1.571 |
分布类型Spatial pattern | 集群 Cluster | 集群 Cluster | 随机 Random | 随机 Random | 随机 Random | 随机 Random | 随机 Random | 集群 Cluster | 随机 Random |
表7 北京东灵山地区白桦种群不同发育阶段的空间分布格局
Table 7 Analysis of spatial patterns of different growth periods in Betula platyphylla population
样地Plot | 东灵山主峰东坡Plot 1 | 南沟Plot 2 | 狗食槽Plot 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
龄期 Age class | 幼龄 Young trees | 中龄 Adult trees | 成年 Old trees | 幼龄 Young trees | 中龄 Adult trees | 成年 Old trees | 幼龄 Young trees | 中龄 Adult trees | 成年 Old trees |
Morisita指数 Morisita index Iδ | 2.065 | 1.262 | 1.281 | 1.238 | 1.072 | 1.130 | 1.200 | 1.148 | 1.267 |
F | 2.681*** | 3.936*** | 1.414 | 1.119 | 1.423 | 1.234 | 1.429 | 2.183* | 1.571 |
分布类型Spatial pattern | 集群 Cluster | 集群 Cluster | 随机 Random | 随机 Random | 随机 Random | 随机 Random | 随机 Random | 集群 Cluster | 随机 Random |
海拔 Altitude | 坡向 Slope direction | 坡度 Slope gradient | 坡位 Slope position | |
---|---|---|---|---|
相关系数 Correlation coefficient (R2) | 0.358 1* | 0.334 0* | -0.172 1 | 0.147 4 |
双尾检验概率2-tailed Sig. | 0.021 | 0.033 | 0.282 | 0.358 |
表8 白桦种群的个体数量与其环境因子之间的相关分析
Table 8 Correlation analysis between individual numbers of Betula platyphylla population and its environmental factors
海拔 Altitude | 坡向 Slope direction | 坡度 Slope gradient | 坡位 Slope position | |
---|---|---|---|---|
相关系数 Correlation coefficient (R2) | 0.358 1* | 0.334 0* | -0.172 1 | 0.147 4 |
双尾检验概率2-tailed Sig. | 0.021 | 0.033 | 0.282 | 0.358 |
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