塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地3种植物根系构型 及其生境适应策略

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地, 采用挖掘法挖取塔克拉玛干柽柳(Tamarix taklamakanensis)、塔克拉玛干沙拐枣(Calligonum roborovskii)和罗布麻(Apocynum venetum)根系, 对根系的拓扑结构特征进行了测定与分析。结果表明: 1) 3种植物根系均以水平分布占优势, 根系浅层化。2) 3种植物根系结构的适应性不同, 表现为两种不同的根系分支模式, 塔克拉玛干柽柳根系为叉状分支结构(q_a=0.15、q_b=0.09、TI=0.658), 罗布麻(q_a=0.43、q_b=0.35、TI=0. 83)和沙拐枣(q_a=0.52、q_b=0.38、TI=0.86)根系趋向于鱼尾形分支结构。3) 3种植物根系的连接长度都较大, 最小也达1.12 m, 说明在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地, 3种植物通过增加连接长度来扩大根系在土层中的分布范围, 从而提高根系的有效营养空间, 增加根系连接长度是根系对沙漠腹地贫瘠土壤环境的一个良好适应。4)研究验证了Leonardo da Vinci法则, 即根系分支前的横截面积等于根系分支后的横截面积之和, 3种植物根系分支前后的横截面积符合Leonardo da Vinci法则。研究表明沙漠腹地3种植物根系构型特征既有相似性又有差异性, 在相似的沙漠环境中具有不同的根系适应策略。

关键词: 塔克拉玛干沙漠, 根系构型, 拓扑结构, 拓扑指数, 连接长度, 适应策略

Abstract:

Aims Root architectural properties can be divided into geometric properties and topological properties. Topological properties are believed to influence the efficiency and costs of resource exploitation in terms of carbon required for root segment construction.

Methods We excavated by shovel the coarse root systems of three natural species of the Taklimakan Desert area (Tamarix taklamakanensis, Calligonum roborovskii and Apocynum venetum) and analyzed aspects of root architecture, including topology, link length, diameter and scaling relations.

Important findings Root distribution was dominated by horizontal roots. Root branching pattern differed by species, withtopology the shrub T. taklamakanensistending to be dichotomous (q_a=0.15, q_b=0.09, TI=0.658) and C. roborovskii(q_a=0.52, q_b=0.38, TI=0.86) and nd the forbsthe root systems topology. The result indicated that A. venetum (q_a=0.43, q_b=0.35, TI=0.83) being herringbone-like. The lengths of links were very long for all species, with the shortest being 1.12 m. The different architectural strategies could be explained in terms of cost-benefits relations and efficiency in soil resource exploration and exploitation. We concluded that the differences and similarities of root architecture reflected strategy in exploitation and exploration. We also tested the “pipe-stem” theory, essentially dating back to Leonardo da Vinci, that underlies many models and found that our measurement data conformed with it. The ratio of the sum of root cross-sectional areas after and before bifurcation was constant with change of root diameters, so we proposed that the scaling coefficient1268/img_1.wmf10.010.0is the universal feature of root architecture.

Key words: Taklimakan Desert, root topology, topological indices, length of link, Leonardo da Vinci rule, daptive strategy

杨小林, 张希明, 李义玲, 李绍才, 孙海龙. 塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地3种植物根系构型及其生境适应策略. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(6): 1268-1276. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.007

YANG Xiao-Lin, ZHANG Xi-Ming, LI Yi-Ling, LI Shao-Cai, SUN Hai-Long. ANALYSIS OF ROOT ARCHITECTURE AND ROOT ADAPTIVE STRATEGY IN THE TAKLIMAKAN DESERT AREA OF CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(6): 1268-1276. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.007

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.007

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I6/1268

图/表 8

表1 塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地环境特征

Table 1 The data of environmental factor in the hinterland of Taklimakan desert

地理位置 Location	年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	年蒸发量 Mean annual evaporation (mm)	极端气温 Extreme temperature (℃)	矿化度 Degree of mineralization (g·L^-1)	地下水位 Ground-water Table (m)
83°39'51.21" E 38°57'26.91" N	36.60	3638.60	-22.20~45.60	4.75~17.54	1.20

图1 根系分支示意图根系分支示意图中, d前分支前直径, d1与d2分别为分支后直径 Schematic representation of root branching. The d前 is diameter before branching; d1and d2are diameters after branching.

Fig. 1 The schematic view of root branching system

图2 根系拓扑结构示意图以上示意图表示的是Fitter提出的两种典型拓扑结构。根系分支由连续的连接组成, 连接分为内部连接和外部连接, 两个分支点之间为内部连接, 分支与分生组织之间为外部连接,两个连续分支之间的长度为连接长度 The schematic representation indicates two Fitter’s root topological pattern. A link is defined as a piece of root between two branching points(interior link) or between a branch and a meristem (exterior link). The magnitude (M) of the overall root system represents the number of exterior links. The altitude of the overall root system (A) is the number of links in the longest path from an exterior link to the most basal link of the root system. The topological index (TI)of a root system may be defined as lg altitude/lg magnitude and the length between two branching points is link length.

Fig. 2 The schematic view of topology of root system

图3 两种典型结构的拓扑指数

Fig. 3 The topological index of two typical topology systems

表2 根系拓扑结构参数

Table 2 The parameters of root system topology

植物种 Species	编号 Samples	等级a(A) Altitude	拓扑长度b Mean topological depth	基部到终端所有连接总和Pe	外部连接总和 v₀ (M)	修正拓扑指数	修正拓扑指数	拓扑指数TI
塔克拉玛干柽柳 Tamarix taklamakanensis	101	7	5.47	82	15	0.207	0.139	0.719
	102	9	6.67	200	30	0.128	0.072	0.646
	103	12	8.00	352	44	0.148	0.091	0.657
	104	10	6.96	181	26	0.212	0.144	0.706
	105	11	7.86	338	43	0.125	0.087	0.638
	106	12	8.23	576	70	0.077	0.037	0.585
均值 Mean		10.167	7.198	288.167	38.000	0.150	0.095	0.659
塔克拉玛干沙拐枣 Calligonum roborovskii	201	8	4.89	44	9	0.793	0.417	0.946
	202	6	4.44	40	9	0.379	0.160	0.815
	203	6	4.38	35	8	0.500	0.273	0.862
	204	7	5.44	49	9	0.590	0.741	0.886
	205	9	6.59	112	17	0.328	0.309	0.775
均值 Mean		7.200	5.148	56.000	10.400	0.518	0.38	0.857
罗布麻 Apocynum venetum	301	9	6.33	114	18	0.299	0.221	0.760
	302	6	4.43	31	7	0.687	0.592	0.921
	303	6	4.50	36	8	0.5	0.364	0.862
	304	9	6.00	72	12	0.595	0.500	0.884
	305	5	4.44	40	9	0.172	0.160	0.732
	306	9	6.59	112	17	0.328	0.309	0.813
均值 Mean		7.333	5.380	67.500	11.833	0.430	0.358	0.829

表3 不同植物根系拓扑结构差异性比较

Table 3 The otherness comparison of root system topology with different species

植物种 Species			TI
塔克拉玛干柽柳 Tamarix taklamakanensis	0.150^a	0.095^a	0.659^a
罗布麻 Apocynum venetum	0.430^b	0.358^b	0.829^b
塔克拉玛干沙拐枣Calligonum roborovskii	0.518^b	0.380^b	0.857^b

图4 不同根系平均连接长度

Fig. 4 The mean link lengths of root system for different species

图5 不同植物根系分支横截面积比

Fig. 5 The parameter a in different species

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