浙江九龙山自然保护区黄山松种群冰雪灾害干扰及其受灾影响因子分析

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2008年1-2月间, 我国南方广大地区遭受了50年一遇的重大冰雪灾害, 对我国南方林区造成了巨大的损害。浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis)人工林也在此次冰雪灾害中遭到重大损失。针对保护区内黄山松人工林种群的地理分布和受灾特点, 沿海拔梯度设置了6 000 m²的具有代表性的样地, 对其受灾情况进行调查, 分析了不同胸径(DBH)、树高、冠幅等林木特征下的黄山松抵御冰雪灾害能力的差异, 并对不同海拔的黄山松受灾情况进行了比较。结果表明: 1) 九龙山黄山松种群受灾严重, 除树干弯曲外, 其他不同受灾类型的植株在种群中均有出现, 且以断冠植株为最多。2) 黄山松对冰雪灾害的抵御能力与林木大小有关, 断大枝和断冠易发生在相对较粗和高的植株当中; 较为细小和低矮的植株则容易被断干和掘根; 冻死植株以幼树居多, 其DBH和树高显著小于其他受灾类型植株。3) 不同冠幅的黄山松植株受灾类型存在很大差异, 冠幅越大, 植株受灾越严重, 掘根和断干在冠幅较大的植株中较为常见。4) 尖削度、树冠相对高度和不均匀程度对黄山松抵御冰雪灾害也具有较大影响, 尖削度小、树冠较高且不均匀的植株受灾较重。5) 海拔较高处黄山松受灾严重, 断干和掘根植株主要分布在825-850 m的高海拔区间内。

关键词: 受灾类型, 冰雪灾害, 影响, 黄山松

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to investigate ice and snow damage to Pinus taiwanensis, which is widely grown in plantations in Jiulongshan Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, China. Findings will assist sustainable management of plantations exposed to such natural events.

Methods We investigated 6 000 m² plots representative of the geographic distribution of Pinus taiwanensis and features of the affected area. Differences of resistance to ice and snow damage were analyzed in relation to tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), crown width and other tree characteristics. We also analyzed damage by altitude.

Important findings Pinus taiwanensis was severely damaged by ice and snow. Many individuals with different damage types, except stem bending, were found in the plots, but crown breakage was most common. Resistance to ice and snow damage depended on tree size. Trees with greater DBH and height were susceptible to limb and crown breakage, while ones with smaller DBH and height were susceptible to stem breakage and uprooting. Moreover, most trees killed were saplings with smaller DBH and shorter height. There were large differences of damage types among trees with different crown widths. Those with larger crown width had more serious damage, such as stem breakage and uprooting. Taper, crown relative height and degree of crown heterogeneity greatly influenced resistance to ice and snow damage. Pinus taiwanensis was seriously damaged in higher altitudes, with stem breakage and uprooted trees distributed mainly at 950-1 000 m.

Key words: damage types, ice and snow damage, influence, Pinus taiwanensis

张志祥, 刘鹏, 邱志军, 刘春生, 陈卫新, 李成惠, 廖进平, 李洪军. 浙江九龙山自然保护区黄山松种群冰雪灾害干扰及其受灾影响因子分析. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(2): 223-232. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.014

ZHANG Zhi-Xiang, LIU Peng, QIU Zhi-Jun, LIU Chun-Sheng, CHEN Wei-Xin, LI Cheng-Hui, LIAO Jin-Ping, LI Hong-Jun. Factors influencing ice and snow damage to Pinus taiwanensis in Jiulongshan Nature Reserve, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(2): 223-232. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.014

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2010/V34/I2/223

图/表 10

图1 样地中不同受灾类型的黄山松的分布。

Fig. 1 Distribution of Pinus taiwanensis under different damage types in plots.

图2 不同受灾类型的黄山松株数统计。 1, 冻死; 2, 断大枝; 3, 断冠; 4, 断干; 5, 掘根; 6, 未受害。

Fig. 2 Total number of Pinus taiwanensis under different damage types. 1, winterkill; 2, limb breakage; 3, crown breakage; 4, stem breakage; 5, uprooting; 6, no damage.

图3 不同径级下黄山松各受灾类型植株的数量分布。径级: 1, 2.5-5 cm; 2, 5-10 cm; 3, 10-15 cm; ……。

Fig. 3 Quantitative distribution of Pinus taiwanensis of each damage types under different diameter at breast height (DBH) class. DBH class: 1, 2.5-5 cm; 2, 5-10 cm; 3, 10-15 cm; …

图4 不同受灾类型植株胸径的显著性分析。不同字母a、b、c、d表示不同受灾类型间差异显著(p < 0.05)。1-6同图2。

Fig. 4 Significance analysis of diameter at breast height (DBH) of Pinus taiwanensis under different damage types. Different letters a, b, c and d indicate that the differences among different damage types are significant at 0.05 levels. 1-6 are the same as Fig. 2.

图5 不同高度级下黄山松各受灾类型植株的数量分布。高度级: 1, 3-5 m; 2, 5-7 m; 3, 7-9 m; ……。

Fig. 5 Quantitative distribution of Pinus taiwanensis of each damage types under different tree height class. Tree height class: 1, 3-5 m; 2, 5-7 m; 3, 7-9 m; …

图6 不同受灾类型植株高度的显著性分析。 1-6同图2。字母与图4相同。

Fig. 6 Significance analysis of tree height of Pinus taiwanensis under different damage types. 1-6 are the same as Fig. 2. The letters are the same as Fig. 4.

图7 不同冠幅级下黄山松各受灾类型植株的数量分布。冠幅级: 1, 1.0-1.5 m; 2, 1.5-2.0 m; 3, 2.0-2.5 m; ……。

Fig. 7 Quantitative distribution of Pinus taiwanensis of each damage types under different crown width class. Crown width class: 1, 1.0-1.5 m; 2, 1.5-2.0 m; 3, 2.0-2.5 m; …

图8 不同受灾类型植株冠幅的显著性分析。 1-6同图2。字母与图4相同。

Fig. 8 Significance analysis of tree crown width of Pinus taiwanensis under different damage types. 1-6 are the same as Fig. 2. The letters are the same as Fig. 4.

表1 不同受灾类型黄山松植株尖削度、树冠相对高度和树冠不均匀程度分析

Table 1 Analysis on taperness, crown relative height and crown inhomogeneous degree of Pinus taiwanensis under different damage types

受灾类型 Damage type	林木特征 Tree characteristic
受灾类型 Damage type	尖削度(胸径/树高) Taperness (DBH/H)	树冠相对高度(枝下高/树高) Crown relative height (CBH/H)	树冠不均匀程度 Crown inhomogeneous degree
冻死 Winterkill	0.013^ab ± 0.003	0.668^b ± 0.084	0.987^b ± 1.006
断大枝 Limb breakage	0.015^a ± 0.007	0.636^b ± 0.050	1.929^b ± 1.885
断冠 Crown breakage	0.014^ab ± 0.004	0.719^a ± 0.066	2.313^ab ± 2.030
断干 Stem breakage	0.012^b ± 0.003	0.662^b ± 0.067	3.390^a ± 2.565
掘根 Uprooting	0.011^b ± 0.003	0.634^b± 0.082	3.575^a ± 2.226
未受害 No damage	0.013^ab ± 0.003	0.714^a ± 0.044	1.476^b ± 1.294

图9 黄山松不同受灾类型植株数与海拔的关系。

Fig. 9 Relationship between altitude and tree number of Pinus taiwanensis of different damage types.

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