山东蒙山6种造林树种40余年成林效果评价

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00076

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植被恢复一直是恢复生态学研究的核心问题和首要解决目标。该文拟评估山东蒙山森林植被恢复与重建的现状和程度, 评价不同造林树种对植物多样性的影响, 筛选一批造林工具种, 为今后沂蒙山区森林植被恢复与重建的调控和预测提供依据。采用样地法和样方法, 选择林龄超过40年的6种主要人工林为样地, 采用典型取样法进行林内调查。根据乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数评价物种多样性, 分析乔木径级分布, 判断植物发展类型。结果表明: 乔木层、灌木层和草本层的4种多样性指数较为一致地显示赤松(Pinus densiflora)、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、黑松(Pinus thunbergii)、日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)的成林效果较好, 油松(Pinus tabuliformis)相对较差。6种人工林群落灌木层和草本层的4种多样性指数基本无显著差异, 而乔木层中, 油松人工林群落的4种多样性指数与黑松人工林、刺槐人工林、栓皮栎人工林和日本落叶松人工林存在部分显著差异(p < 0.05)。从整体上看, 人工林群落灌木层发育最好, 4种多样性指数均为灌木层>乔木层>草本层, 且差异大多极显著(p < 0.01)。研究发现: 乔木扩展种29种、隐退种3种、稳定侵入种9种和随机侵入种11种, 表明人工林群落正处于向森林演替的过程中。数据显示: 3种隐退种赤松、油松和日本落叶松均为群落局部优势种, 赤松和油松种群更新困难, 日本落叶松完全没有更新幼苗。作者认为林下发达的灌草层可能是阻碍针叶林天然更新的关键因素。评估筛选出15种造林工具种: 早期开荒工具种(A类) 7种和后期顶级工具种(B类) 8种。其中A1类(建群种) 2种: 赤松和油松, A2类(伴生种) 5种: 黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana)、花曲柳(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)、君迁子(Cerasus serrulata)、山合欢(Albizia kalkora)和鹅耳枥(Carpinus turczaninowii); B1类(建群种) 2种: 栓皮栎和麻栎(Quercus acutissima), B2类(伴生种) 6种: 水榆花楸(Sorbus alnifolia)、槲树(Quercus dentata)、山樱花(Diospyros lotus)、小叶朴(Celtis bungeana)、大叶朴(Celtis koraiensis)和三桠乌药(Lindera obtusiloba)。

关键词: 人工林, 蒙山, 物种多样性, 造林工具种, 植被重建

Abstract:

Aims Vegetation restoration is always a key problem and primary objective in restoration ecology. Our objectives were to evaluate forest restoration and reconstruction in Mengshan Mountain, including the impact on plant diversity of using different tree species in afforestation, and to select species for afforestation, in order to provide the basis for regulation and prediction of forest vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the Yimeng Mountain Area.
Methods Six kinds of major artificial forest over 40 years in age were selected for study using a typical sampling method. Species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index and Pielou evenness index were used to evaluate species diversity of the tree, shrub and herb layers. Analysis of tree diameter-class distribution was applied in determining the type of development of the plant.
Important findings Each of the four indexes indicated that Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, P. thunbergii, Larix kaempferi and Robinia pseudoacacia have better outcomes in afforestation and P. tabuliformis has relatively poor outcomes. In the tree layer, the four diversity indices of the P. tabuliformis artificial forest community were significantly different from those of P. densiflora, Q. variabilis, P. thunbergii, L. kaempferi and R. pseudoacacia artificial forest (p < 0.05). In terms of diversity, shrub layer > tree layer > herb layer, and the differences were significant (p < 0.01). There are 29 expansive species, 3 seclusive species, 9 enhancing invasive species and 11 randomly invasive species. Pinus densiflora and P. tabuliformis had great difficulty in population regeneration, and L. kaempferi had no seedlings. Shrub layers and herb layers may be the key factors hindering the natural regeneration of coniferous forest. Fifteen kinds of species for afforestation of Mengshan Mountain have been screened, including seven species for early afforestation (A) and eight for afforestation (B). Two types of A1 (constructive species) are P. densiflora and P. tabuliformis. Five types of A2 (companion species) are Dalbergia hupeana, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Cerasus serrulata, Albizia kalkora and Carpinus turczaninowii. Two types of B1 (constructive species) are Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima. Six types of B2 (companion species) are Sorbus alnifolia, Q. dentata, Diospyros lotus, Celtis bungeana, Celtis koraiensis and Lindera obtusiloba.

Key words: artificial forest, Mengshan Mountain, species diversity, tool species for afforestation, vegetation reconstruction

高远,朱孔山,郝加琛,徐连升. 山东蒙山6种造林树种40余年成林效果评价. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(8): 728-738. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00076

GAO Yuan,ZHU Kong-Shan,HAO Jia-Chen,XU Lian-Sheng. An evaluation of the afforestation outcome of six tree species in more than 40 years in Mengshan Mountain, Shandong Province, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2013, 37(8): 728-738. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00076

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00076

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2013/V37/I8/728

图/表 5

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人工林类型 Artificial forest type	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡度 Slope gradient (°)	坡向 Slope aspect	样方数 Quadrat number
黑松林 Pinus thunbergii forest	350-850	5-30	ESWN	15
赤松林 Pinus densiflora forest	350-1 000	5-30	ESWN	7
油松林 Pinus tabuliformis forest	800-1 050	15-30	ESWN	7
刺槐林 Robinia pseudoacacia forest	450-800	20-30	ESW	5
栓皮栎林 Quercus variabilis forest	400-800	5-30	ESWN	6
日本落叶松林 Larix kaempferi forest	800-1 000	10-30	ESWN	8

人工林类型 Artificial forest type	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡度 Slope gradient (°)	坡向 Slope aspect	样方数 Quadrat number
黑松林 Pinus thunbergii forest	350-850	5-30	ESWN	15
赤松林 Pinus densiflora forest	350-1 000	5-30	ESWN	7
油松林 Pinus tabuliformis forest	800-1 050	15-30	ESWN	7
刺槐林 Robinia pseudoacacia forest	450-800	20-30	ESW	5
栓皮栎林 Quercus variabilis forest	400-800	5-30	ESWN	6
日本落叶松林 Larix kaempferi forest	800-1 000	10-30	ESWN	8

植物种类 Plant species	径级I Diameter class I	径级II Diameter class II	径级III Diameter class III	径级IV Diameter class IV
栓皮栎 Quercus variabilis	1 672	501	515	89
小叶朴 Celtis bungeana	546	81	19	0
黄檀 Dalbergia hupeana	482	159	50	0
花曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	331	31	12	0
水榆花楸 Sorbus alnifolia	306	168	34	3
君迁子 Diospyros lotus	293	65	26	0
槲树 Quercus dentata	290	56	56	16
山樱花 Cerasus serrulata	253	34	13	3
大叶朴 Celtis koraiensis	253	7	5	0
麻栎 Quercus acutissima	250	154	115	17
山合欢 Albizia kalkora	206	37	4	0
三桠乌药 Lindera obtusiloba	197	76	5	0
刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia	173	80	108	13
黑松 Pinus thunbergii	138	251	340	91
毛臭椿 Ailanthus giraldii	130	12	17	0
白檀 Symplocos paniculata	110	62	3	0
白蜡树 Fraxinus chinensis	98	18	4	0
鹅耳枥 Carpinus turczaninowii	65	44	5	0
垂丝卫矛 Euonymus oxyphyllus	65	6	4	0
山荆子 Malus baccata	60	6	3	0
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	37	6	3	0
山桃 Amygdalus davidiana	27	11	1	0
朴树 Celtis sinensis	24	16	2	0
大果榆 Ulmus macrocarpa	23	5	2	0
黄连木 Pistacia chinensis	18	7	1	0
豆梨 Pyrus calleryana	18	5	5	2
野山楂 Crataegus cuneata	15	2	7	0
元宝槭 Acer truncatum	12	9	11	0
柿树 Diospyros kaki	9	9	2	0
油松 Pinus tabuliformis	71	39	332	18
赤松 Pinus densiflora	24	50	421	58
日本落叶松 Larix kaempferi	0	18	177	18
黄栌 Cotinus coggygria	58	18	0	0
裂叶水榆 Sorbus alnifolia var. lobulata	27	1	0	0
糖槭 Acer saccharinum	27	1	0	0
杜梨 Pyrus betulifolia	26	17	0	0
花楸 Sorbus pohuashanensis	21	0	0	0
桑 Morus alba	18	9	0	0
毛泡桐 Paulownia tomentosa	15	2	0	0
毛樱桃 Cerasus tomentosa	14	4	0	0
蒙山鹅耳枥 Carpinus mengshanensis	12	1	0	0
枹栎 Quercus serrata	6	6	0	0
毛棶 Cornus walteri	6	0	0	0
蒙椴 Tilia mongolica	5	1	0	0
榆 Ulmus pumila	5	0	0	0
刺楸 Kalopanax septemlobus	3	0	0	0
枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera	2	1	0	1
侧柏 Platycladus orientalis	1	2	0	0
槲栎 Quercus aliena	1	1	0	0
杏 Armeniaca vulgaris	1	0	0	0
盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	1	0	0	0
楝树 Melia azedarach	0	1	0	0

植物种类 Plant species	径级I Diameter class I	径级II Diameter class II	径级III Diameter class III	径级IV Diameter class IV
栓皮栎 Quercus variabilis	1 672	501	515	89
小叶朴 Celtis bungeana	546	81	19	0
黄檀 Dalbergia hupeana	482	159	50	0
花曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica	331	31	12	0
水榆花楸 Sorbus alnifolia	306	168	34	3
君迁子 Diospyros lotus	293	65	26	0
槲树 Quercus dentata	290	56	56	16
山樱花 Cerasus serrulata	253	34	13	3
大叶朴 Celtis koraiensis	253	7	5	0
麻栎 Quercus acutissima	250	154	115	17
山合欢 Albizia kalkora	206	37	4	0
三桠乌药 Lindera obtusiloba	197	76	5	0
刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia	173	80	108	13
黑松 Pinus thunbergii	138	251	340	91
毛臭椿 Ailanthus giraldii	130	12	17	0
白檀 Symplocos paniculata	110	62	3	0
白蜡树 Fraxinus chinensis	98	18	4	0
鹅耳枥 Carpinus turczaninowii	65	44	5	0
垂丝卫矛 Euonymus oxyphyllus	65	6	4	0
山荆子 Malus baccata	60	6	3	0
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	37	6	3	0
山桃 Amygdalus davidiana	27	11	1	0
朴树 Celtis sinensis	24	16	2	0
大果榆 Ulmus macrocarpa	23	5	2	0
黄连木 Pistacia chinensis	18	7	1	0
豆梨 Pyrus calleryana	18	5	5	2
野山楂 Crataegus cuneata	15	2	7	0
元宝槭 Acer truncatum	12	9	11	0
柿树 Diospyros kaki	9	9	2	0
油松 Pinus tabuliformis	71	39	332	18
赤松 Pinus densiflora	24	50	421	58
日本落叶松 Larix kaempferi	0	18	177	18
黄栌 Cotinus coggygria	58	18	0	0
裂叶水榆 Sorbus alnifolia var. lobulata	27	1	0	0
糖槭 Acer saccharinum	27	1	0	0
杜梨 Pyrus betulifolia	26	17	0	0
花楸 Sorbus pohuashanensis	21	0	0	0
桑 Morus alba	18	9	0	0
毛泡桐 Paulownia tomentosa	15	2	0	0
毛樱桃 Cerasus tomentosa	14	4	0	0
蒙山鹅耳枥 Carpinus mengshanensis	12	1	0	0
枹栎 Quercus serrata	6	6	0	0
毛棶 Cornus walteri	6	0	0	0
蒙椴 Tilia mongolica	5	1	0	0
榆 Ulmus pumila	5	0	0	0
刺楸 Kalopanax septemlobus	3	0	0	0
枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera	2	1	0	1
侧柏 Platycladus orientalis	1	2	0	0
槲栎 Quercus aliena	1	1	0	0
杏 Armeniaca vulgaris	1	0	0	0
盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	1	0	0	0
楝树 Melia azedarach	0	1	0	0