不同海拔高度下百山祖冷杉幼苗的生长特征及其影响因素

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0194

植物生态学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4): 610-623.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0194 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2024.0194

不同海拔高度下百山祖冷杉幼苗的生长特征及其影响因素

李欣怡¹^,²(), 张丽芳²^,³, 吴友贵⁴, 郭静⁵, 兰荣光⁴, 吕洪飞⁶, 于明坚¹^,²^,^*()()

¹浙江师范大学生命科学学院, 浙江金华 321004
²浙江大学生命科学学院, 杭州 310058
³浙江省林业科学研究院, 杭州 310023
⁴钱江源-百山祖国家公园庆元保护中心, 浙江丽水 323800
⁵浙江农林大学风景园林与建筑学院, 杭州 311300
⁶浙江理工大学生命科学与医药学院, 杭州 310018

收稿日期:2024-06-12 接受日期:2024-11-12 出版日期:2025-04-20 发布日期:2025-04-18
通讯作者: * (fishmj@zju.edu.cn)
基金资助:
浙江省“尖兵” “领雁”研发攻关计划(2023C03137)

Growth characteristics of Abies beshanzuensis seedlings at different altitudes and the influencing factors

LI Xin-Yi¹^,²(), ZHANG Li-Fang²^,³, WU You-Gui⁴, GUO Jing⁵, LAN Rong-Guang⁴, LÜ Hong-Fei⁶, YU Ming-Jian¹^,²^,^*()()

¹College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
²College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
³Zhejiang Forestry Research Institute, Hangzhou 310023, China
⁴Qingyuan Conservation Center of Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park, Lishui, Zhejiang 323800, China
⁵College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
⁶College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China

Received:2024-06-12 Accepted:2024-11-12 Online:2025-04-20 Published:2025-04-18
Contact: * (fishmj@zju.edu.cn)
Supported by:
Zhejiang Province “Vanguard” and “Leading Goose” R&D Breakthrough Program(2023C03137)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

百山祖冷杉(Abies beshanzuensis)是国家一级重点保护野生植物, 目前仅存3株母树, 分布于浙江省庆元县百山祖西南坡海拔1 750 m左右的常绿落叶阔叶混交林中。为深入了解不同海拔高度下环境因子变化对百山祖冷杉幼苗生长的影响, 在庆元县山区设置11个不同海拔高度(500-1 500 m)实验点, 对移植的百山祖冷杉幼苗进行生长监测, 并结合土壤和空气温湿度、土壤微生物和土壤理化性质等环境因子的变化, 探究百山祖冷杉幼苗生长对海拔高度变化的响应机制。研究结果表明: (1) 海拔过低(500 m)导致百山祖冷杉幼苗存活率下降50%。幼苗的高度、冠宽、基径和其对应的增长率随海拔的升高先上升后下降, 在海拔700-1 100 m区域生长最佳。(2)真菌Simpson多样性指数增加对幼苗基径增长率有显著正向作用。(3)幼苗生长与空气和土壤温度存在显著的正相关关系, 而与空气和土壤湿度存在显著的负相关关系。土壤和空气温度在11-19 ℃范围内升高以及土壤和空气湿度在10%-25%范围降低能够促进幼苗生长。(4)土壤营养元素如铵态氮含量和碳氮比对幼苗高度、基径和冠宽的增长率具有显著正向作用。总之, 海拔、真菌多样性、土壤和空气温湿度以及土壤营养元素是影响百山祖冷杉幼苗生长的关键环境因子, 今后进行迁地保护时可重点考虑。

关键词: 百山祖冷杉, 幼苗, 海拔, 土壤微生物, 土壤理化性质, 温度, 湿度, 幼苗生长监测

Abstract:

Aims Abies beshanzuensis is a first-class protected wild plant in China, with only three individuals remaining in mixed evergreen-deciduous broadleaf forest at approximately 1 750 m above sea level on the southwest slope of Baishanzu, Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. This study aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of environmental factors on the growth of A. beshanzuensis seedlings at different altitudes.

Methods we established 11 experimental sites at varying altitudes (ranging from 500 to 1 500 m) in the Qingyuan mountain region to monitor the growth of transplanted A. beshanzuensis seedlings. By examining changes in environmental factors such as air temperature and humidity, soil microorganisms, and soil physicochemical properties, we investigated how A. beshanzuensis seedlings responded to altitude change.

Important findings The results showed that: (1) the survival rate of A. beshanzuensis seedlings decreased by 50% due to the low altitude (500 m). The height, crown width, base diameter and their corresponding growth rates of seedlings increased first and then decreased with the increasing altitude; and the seedlings grew best at altitudes ranging from 700-1 100 m. (2) An increase in fungal Simpson diversity index had a significant positive effect on the growth rate of seedling base diameter. (3) The growth of seedlings showed a significant positive correlation with air and soil temperature, and a significant negative correlation with air and soil moisture. Specifically, an increase in air and soil temperature within the range of 11-19 °C and a decrease in air and soil humidity within the range of 10%-25% promoted seedling growth. (4) The soil nutrients, such as ammonium nitrogen content, as well as soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, had significant positive effects on the growth rates of seedling height, base diameter and crown width. In conclusion, altitude, fungal diversity, soil and air temperature, humidity, and soil nutrients are key environmental factors influencing the growth of A. beshanzuensis seedlings, and should be considered as critical factors in their ex situ conservation.

Key words: Abies beshanzuensis, seedling, altitude, soil microorganism, soil physicochemical property, temperature, humidity, seedling growth detection

李欣怡, 张丽芳, 吴友贵, 郭静, 兰荣光, 吕洪飞, 于明坚. 不同海拔高度下百山祖冷杉幼苗的生长特征及其影响因素. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(4): 610-623. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0194

LI Xin-Yi, ZHANG Li-Fang, WU You-Gui, GUO Jing, LAN Rong-Guang, LÜ Hong-Fei, YU Ming-Jian. Growth characteristics of Abies beshanzuensis seedlings at different altitudes and the influencing factors. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(4): 610-623. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0194

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0194

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I4/610

图/表 8

表1 不同海拔百山祖冷杉幼苗的存活率

Table 1 Survival rate of Abies beshanzuensis seedlings at different altitudes

指标 Indicator	低海拔实验区 Low-altitude area (m)						高海拔实验区 High-altitude area (m)
指标 Indicator	500	600	700	800	900	1 000	1 100	1 200	1 300	1 400	1 500
2022年4月幼苗数量 Number of seedlings in April 2022	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
2023年4月幼苗数量 Number of seedlings in April 2023	5	9	9	10	9	10	10	9	9	10	10
存活率 Survival rate (%)	50	90	90	100	90	100	100	90	90	100	100

图1 不同海拔百山祖冷杉幼苗的高度(A、B)、冠宽(C、D)和基径(E、F)。***代表两个实验区之间幼苗生长情况差异显著(p < 0.001); ns, 差异不显著(p > 0.05)。白色箱型图代表低海拔实验区, 灰色箱型图代表高海拔实验区。箱型图上方的相同小写字母代表不同海拔处幼苗的各生长指标间无显著差异, 不同小写字母代表存在显著差异, 显著性水平为0.05。

Fig. 1 Height (A, B), crown width (C, D), and base diameter (E, F) of Abies beshanzuensis seedlings in different altitudes. *** represents the significance of the difference in seedling growth rate between the two experimental areas (p < 0.001), ns means non-significance (p > 0.05). The white box represents the high-altitude experimental area and the grey box represents the low-altitude experimental area. Identical lowercase letters above the boxes indicate non-significant difference in growth metrics between altitudes, while different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level.

图2 不同海拔百山祖冷杉幼苗的高度增长率(A、B)、冠宽增长率(C、D)和基径增长率(E、F)。*代表两个实验区之间幼苗生长情况差异显著(**, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001)。白色箱型图代表低海拔实验区, 灰色箱型图代表高海拔实验区。箱型图上方的相同小写字母代表不同海拔处幼苗的各生长指标间无显著差异, 不同小写字母代表存在显著差异, 显著性水平为0.05。

Fig. 2 Height growth rate (A, B), crown width growth rate (C, D), and base diameter growth rate (E, F) of Abies beshanzuensis seedlings in different altitudes. * represents the significance of the difference in seedling growth between the two experimental areas (**, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). The white box represents the high-altitude experimental area and the grey box represents the low-altitude experimental area. Identical lowercase letters above the boxes indicate non-significant difference in growth metrics between altitudes, while different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level.

图3 低海拔和高海拔实验区细菌和真菌的Chao1指数(A、B)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(C、D)和Simpson多样性指数(E、F)。Chao1指数的值越高表示群落物种数较多, 物种丰富度越高; Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的值越高表示物种多样性越高; Simpson多样性指数的值越高表示物种均匀度越低。*代表两个实验区之间细菌和真菌α多样性差异显著(**, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001); ns, 差异不显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Chao1 index (A, B), Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (C, D), and Simpson’s diversity index (E, F) of bacteria and fungi in low- and high-altitude experimental areas. The higher the value of Chao1 index, the higher the richness of species. The higher the value of Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index, the higher the species diversity. The higher the value of Simpson’s diversity index, the lower the species evenness. * represents the significance of the difference in bacterial and fungal α diversity between the two experimental areas (**, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001), ns means non-significance (p < 0.05).

图4 细菌和真菌的Chao1指数(A、B)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(C、D)和Simpson多样性指数(E、F)随海拔高度的变化情况。相同小写字母代表不同海拔处微生物的α多样性指标无显著差异, 不同小写字母代表存在显著差异, 显著性水平为0.05, ns代表差异不显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Variation in the Chao1 index (A, B), Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (C, D), and Simpson’s diversity index (E, F) of bacteria and fungi along the altitude gradient. Identical lowercase letters indicate no significant difference in α diversity indices of microorganisms between the low- and high-altitude experimental areas, while different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 significance level, and ns indicates non-significant difference (p < 0.05).

图5 不同海拔非生物因子(A-N)的变化。Air humidity, 空气湿度; Air temperature, 空气温度; AP, 土壤有效磷含量; C:N, 土壤碳氮比; MWRC, 土壤最大持水量; NH4+-N, 土壤铵态氮含量; NO- 3-N, 土壤硝态氮含量; N:P, 土壤氮磷比; pH, 土壤酸碱度; Soil humidity, 土壤湿度; Soil temperature, 土壤温度; TC, 土壤全碳含量; TN, 土壤全氮含量; TP, 土壤全磷含量。纵轴为Z-score标准化后的值。蓝色回归线代表无显著性(p > 0.05), 红色回归线代表有显著性(p < 0.05)。灰色阴影区域表示95%置信区间。

Fig. 5 Variation in abiotic factors (A-N) along the altitude. AP, available phosphorus content in soil; C:N, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in soil; MWRC, maximum water retaining capacity of soil; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content in soil; NO- 3-N, nitrate nitrogen content in soil; N:P, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio in soil; pH, soil acidity; TC, total carbon content in soil; TN, total nitrogen content in soil; TP, total phosphorus content in soil. The vertical axis represents Z-score standardized values. Blue dashed lines indicate non-significant regression results (p > 0.05), while red solid lines indicate significant results (p < 0.05). Gray shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval.

图6 环境因子与百山祖冷杉幼苗生长的相关性分析热图。蓝色代表负相关, 红色代表正相关, 颜色越深代表相关性越大; *代表显著性水平(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001)。Air humidity, 空气湿度; Air temperature, 空气温度; Altitude, 海拔; AP, 土壤有效磷; Base diameter, 基径; Chao1 16S, 细菌Chao1指数; Chao1 ITS, 真菌Chao1指数; C:N, 土壤碳氮比; Crown width, 冠宽; DGR, 基径增长率; Height, 苗高; HGR, 苗高增长率; MWRC, 土壤最大持水量; NH4+-N, 土壤铵态氮含量; NO- 3-N, 土壤硝态氮含量; N:P, 土壤氮磷比; pH, 土壤酸碱度; Shannon 16S, 细菌Shannon-Wiener多样性指数; Shannon ITS, 真菌Shannon-Wiener多样性指数; Simpson 16S, 细菌Simpson多样性指数; Simpson ITS, 真菌Simpson多样性指数; Soil humidity, 土壤湿度; Soil temperature, 土壤温度; TC, 土壤全碳含量; TN, 土壤全氮含量; TP, 土壤全磷含量; WGR, 冠宽增长率。

Fig. 6 Correlation analysis of environmental factors and seedling growth of Abies beshanzuensis. Blue represents the negative correlation, red represents the positive correlation; the darker the color, the greater the correlation. * represents the significance level (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). AP, available phosphorus content in soil; Chao1 16S, the bacterial Chao1 index; Chao1 ITS, the fungal Chao1 index; C:N, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in soil; DGR, the growth rate of seedling base diameter; HGR, the growth rate of seedling height; MWRC, maximum water retaining capacity of soil; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content in soil; NO- 3-N, nitrate nitrogen content in soil; N:P, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio in soil; pH, soil acidity; Shannon 16S, the bacterial Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index; Shannon ITS, the fungal Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index; Simpson 16S, the bacterial Simpson’s diversity index; Simpson ITS, the fungal Simpson’s diversity index; TC, total carbon content in soil; TN, total nitrogen content in soil; TP, total phosphorus content in soil; WGR, the growth rate of seedling crown width.

图7 百山祖冷杉幼苗的高度(A)、冠宽(B)、基径(C)、高度增长率(D)、冠宽增长率(E)和基径增长率(F)与环境因子的回归分析图(平均值±标准误), *代表显著性水平(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001)。微生物多样性指标缩写见图6。PC, 主成分。

Fig. 7 Regression slopes of height (A), crown width (B), base diameter (C), height growth rate (D), crown width growth rate (E), and base diameter growth rate (F) of Abies beshanzuensis seedlings against the environmental factors of Simpson 16S, simpson ITS, PC1, or PC2 (mean ± SE). * represents the significance level (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). The abbreviation for the microbial diversity index is consistent with those used in Fig. 6. PC, principal component.

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不同海拔高度下百山祖冷杉幼苗的生长特征及其影响因素

Growth characteristics of Abies beshanzuensis seedlings at different altitudes and the influencing factors

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