两种光强下木质藤本与树木幼苗的竞争关系

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.03.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探讨木质藤本和树木幼苗的相互作用关系,对两种光强(4%和35%的光强)、4种竞争处理下(全竞争、地上竞争、地下竞争和无竞争),一种需光木质藤本(刺果藤(Byttneria grandifolia))和3个树种(耐荫种:五桠果木姜子(Litsea dilleniifolia)和绒毛番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa);需光种:羊蹄甲(Bauhinia variegata))幼苗的地上部分和地下部分的竞争关系进行了研究。结果表明:木质藤本的竞争显著影响着3种树木幼苗的光合能力、形态特征和生长,但生长环境的不同光强影响地上部分竞争和地下部分竞争的相对强度。在低光下,地上部分竞争比地下部分竞争对3种树木幼苗的相对生长速率(Relative growth rate,RGR)和光合能力造成更大的影响;而高光下,地下竞争对树木幼苗的生长有更强的抑制作用。不同的竞争处理和光强对树木幼苗的生物量积累造成显著的影响。光强对3种树种的比叶面积(Specific leaf area,SLA)和叶面积比(Leaf area ratio,LAR)有显著的抑制作用,但竞争只对需光的羊蹄甲的SLA和LAR有显著影响。不同的光照和竞争处理之间,同种植物表现出不同的表型特征。由于竞争的影响,苗木在形态上较为矮小、叶片数目较少、叶面积减小,但是长细比改变较少。

关键词: 木质藤本, 树木, 地上和地下竞争, 光合, 相对生长速率

Abstract:

Aims Lianas are an important component of forests, especially in the tropics. They strongly influence regeneration of trees and maintenance of species diversity in tropical forests, but little is known about competition between trees and lianas. In this study, we investigate the effects of lianas on the morphology, photosynthesis and growth of trees and examine the relative importance of above- and below-ground competition between tree and liana seedlings under different light irradiances.

Methods We used four different competition treatments (AC: all competition; RC: root competition; SC: shoot competition; NC: no competition) between seedlings of one shade-intolerant liana (Byttneria grandif-olia) and three tree species (shade-tolerant Litsea dilleniifolia and Pometia tomentosa and shade-intolerant Bauhinia variegata). Seedlings were grown in a shade house under two levels of light availability (4% and 35% light intensity).

Important findings Competition from lianas substantially reduced the growth of tree seedlings, but the relative importance of above- and below-ground competition differed between the two light levels. At low light intensity, the relative growth rate (RGR) and photosynthetic capacity (maximum net photosynthetic rate, P_max) in seedlings of all three tree species were reduced more strongly by SC than RC. However, SC rather than RC greatly reduced RGR and P_max of tree seedlings grown under high light intensity. Different competition combinations (above- and below-ground competition) of liana seedlings resulted in distinctive morphological traits in seedlings of the three tree species. The specific leaf area and leaf area ratio of the three tree species were significantly influenced by light intensity. Meanwhile, only those of the light demanding species, B. variegata, were affected by the liana competition. Tree seedlings had small diameter, low height, leaf numbers and leaf area with slight changes in slenderness (stem length/diameter) under the competitive environments of liana seedlings. In conclusion, our findings suggest that competition from liana seedlings can greatly suppress growth in tree seedlings of both shade-intolerant and shade-tolerant species and the effects of lianas on tree seedlings can differ with type of competition. Above- and below-ground competition can interactively limit the growth of tree seedlings.

Key words: lianas, trees, above- and below-ground competition, photosynthesis, relative growth rate

陈亚军, 曹坤芳, 蔡志全. 两种光强下木质藤本与树木幼苗的竞争关系. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(3): 639-647. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.03.013

CHEN Ya-Jun, CAO Kun-Fang, CAI Zhi-Quan. ABOVE- AND BELOW-GROUND COMPETITION BETWEEN SEEDLINGS OF LIANAS AND TREES UNDER TWO LIGHT IRRADIANCES. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(3): 639-647. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.03.013

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.03.013

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I3/639

图/表 8

图1 4种竞争处理的示意图

Fig.1 Schematic representation of four types of competition treatments AC: All competition NC: No competition RC: Root competition SC: Shoot competition

图2 不同光照和竞争处理下木质藤本刺果藤的生物量和叶面积相对生长速率(平均值±标准误差,n=8~10) 不同字母表示相同光强下不同竞争处理之间差异显著(p<0.05) Different letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) among the competition treatments at the same light level AC、NC、RC、SC: 见图1 See Fig. 1 LL: 低光 Low light HL: 高光 High light

Fig.2 The relative growth rate calculated with biomass (RGRB) and leaf area (RGRA) in seedlings of the liana (Byttneria grandifolia) grown under different light and competition treatments (mean ± SE, n=8-10)

表1 光强和竞争处理对3种树木幼苗最大净光合速率和总生物量的二维方差分析结果

Table 1 Results of two-way ANOVA assessing the effects of competition, light level and their interactions on photosynthetic capacity and total biomass of three tree species

	最大净光合速率 Maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_max)			总生物量 Total biomass
	F	p		F		p
羊蹄甲Bauhinia variegata
光强 Light intensity	12.10	<0.001	36.70		<0.001
竞争 Competition	227.26	<0.001	7.38		<0.001
竞争×光强 Competition×light intensity	3.17	0.030	4.81		0.005
绒毛番龙眼Pometia tomentosa
光强 Light intensity	34.92	<0.001	33.72		<0.001
竞争 Competition	8.46	<0.001	18.74		<0.001
竞争×光强 Competition×light intensity	1.28	0.289	5.70		0.002
五桠果木姜子Litsea dilleniifolia
光强 Light intensity	149.83	<0.001	38.92		<0.001
竞争 Competition	30.38	<0.001	13.2		<0.001
竞争×光强 Competition×light intensity	10.05	<0.001	8.46		<0.001

图3 不同光照和竞争处理下3个树种幼苗的最大净光合速率和总生物量数据为平均值±标准误差,n=8~10。不同字母表示相同光照下不同竞争处理之间差异显著(p<0.05)。缩写同图1、2

Fig.3 The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and total biomass in seedlings of three tree species under different light and competition treatments Values are mean±SE, n=8-10. Different letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) among the competition treatments at the same light level. Abbreviations are the same as in Figs. 1, 2

表2 竞争和光照处理对树木幼苗相对生长速率的二维方差分析结果

Table 2 Results of two-way ANOVA assessing the effects of competition, light level and their interactions on relative growth rate (RGR) of three tree species

	RGR_B		RGR_H		RGR_A
	F	p		F	p		F	p
羊蹄甲Bauhinia variegata
光强 Light intensity	99.76	<0.001	21.77	<0.001	11.440	0.001
竞争 Competition	12.06	<0.001	12.42	<0.001	10.450	<0.001
竞争×光强 Competition×light intensity	7.99	<0.001	4.91	0.004	6.460	0.001
绒毛番龙眼Pometia tomentosa
光强 Light intensity	28.91	<0.001	19.36	<0.001	0.001	0.971
竞争 Competition	18.78	<0.001	19.00	<0.001	5.870	0.001
竞争×光强 Competition×light intensity	1.16	0.332	0.43	0.730	0.400	0.755
五桠果木姜子Litsea dilleniifolia
光强 Light intensity	48.71	<0.001	44.04	<0.001	1.350	0.250
竞争 Competition	16.00	<0.001	12.70	<0.001	9.870	<0.001
竞争×光强 Competition×light intensity	7.30	<0.001	5.45	0.002	5.070	0.003

图4 不同光照和竞争处理下3种树木幼苗相对生长速率数据为平均值±标准误差,n=8~10。不同字母表示相同光照下不同竞争处理之间差异显著(p<0.05)。缩写同图1、2和表2

Fig.4 Relative growth rate in seedlings of three tree species under different light and competition treatments Values are mean±SE, n=8-10. Different letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) among the competition treatments at the same light level. Abbreviations are the same as in Figs. 1, 2 andTable 2

表3 竞争和光照处理对3种树木形态特征二维方差分析结果

Table 3 Result of two-way ANOVA assessing the effects of competition, light level and their interactions on morphological traits in seedlings of three tree species under different light and competition treatments

	高度 Height		直径 Diameter		长细比 Slenderness ratio		叶面积 Leaf area		比叶面积 SLA		叶面积比 LAR
	F	p		F	p		F	p		F	p		F	p	F	p
羊蹄甲Bauhinia variegata
光强 Light intensity	53.87	<0.001	57.26	<0.001	3.42	0.07	12.84	0.001	231.83	<0.001	154.48	<0.001
竞争 Competition	19.89	<0.001	13.12	<0.001	2.74	0.051	9.29	<0.001	5.73	0.002	4.39	0.007
竞争×光强 Competition×light intensity	11.03	<0.001	7.71	<0.001	2.47	0.07	5.59	0.002	7.40	<0.001	5.75	0.002
绒毛番龙眼Pometia tomentosa
光强 Light intensity	16.01	<0.001	60.1	<0.001	13.56	0.001	1.29	0.261	6.70	0.012	63.01	<0.001
竞争 Competition	16.67	<0.001	19.07	<0.001	2.65	0.057	6.38	0.001	0.992	0.403	2.20	0.098
竞争×光强 Competition×light intensity	0.19	0.903	3.37	0.025	1.61	0.197	0.36	0.784	1.198	0.319	0.37	0.776
五桠果木姜子Litsea dilleniifolia
光强 Light intensity	42.84	<0.001	85.27	<0.001	5.47	0.023	5.37	0.024	53.96	<0.001	127.93	<0.001
竞争 Competition	12.33	<0.001	23.28	<0.001	2.68	0.055	8.98	<0.001	0.67	0.573	2.49	0.069
竞争×光强 Competition×light intensity	5.88	0.001	11.52	<0.001	0.77	0.514	5.40	0.002	2.32	0.08	2.17	0.101

图5 不同光照和竞争处理下3种树木幼苗形态特征数据为平均值±标准误差(n=8)。不同字母表示相同光照下不同竞争处理之间差异显著(p<0.05)。缩写同图1、2和表3

Fig.5 The morphological traits in seedlings of three tree species under different light and competition treatments Values are mean±SE, n=8 per treatment. Different letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) among the competition treatments at the same light level. Abbreviations are the same as in Figs. 1, 2 andTable 3

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