植物生态学报 ›› 2007, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 403-412.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0049
所属专题: 生态系统碳水能量通量
收稿日期:
2006-09-05
接受日期:
2006-12-20
出版日期:
2007-09-05
发布日期:
2007-05-30
通讯作者:
项文化
作者简介:
*E-mail: xiangwh2005@163.com基金资助:
MA Yu-E, XIANG Wen-Hua*(), LEI Pi-Feng
Received:
2006-09-05
Accepted:
2006-12-20
Online:
2007-09-05
Published:
2007-05-30
Contact:
XIANG Wen-Hua
摘要:
树干呼吸是森林生态系统碳平衡的重要组成部分,它每年消耗碳同化总量(NPP)的11%~33%。受测定技术所限,过去对树干呼吸的研究未能引起足够的重视。近十几年来,由于大气CO2温室气体浓度的持续升高,树干呼吸已成为研究的热点。测定树干呼吸的方法较多,早期一般采用气体交换法和密闭方法,最近利用便携式光合测定系统(Li-Cor6400)或土壤碳通量测量系统(Li-8100)对树干呼吸采用开路系统测定方法。大量研究结果表明: 1)树干呼吸的日变化呈双峰型曲线,即从早晨开始,树干呼吸速率随温度的上升而增加,到午间有所降低,之后逐渐增加,达到峰值后又逐渐降低。2)树干呼吸的季节动态为:生长季的树干呼吸速率明显高于非生长季,即从春季到夏季树干呼吸速率呈持续升高态势,高峰值出现在7或8月,尔后逐渐下降。树干呼吸活动是一个复杂的生物学过程,其影响因子较多。直接影响因子有气象因子(如温度、湿度和CO2浓度)和生物因子(如树种、树龄、径阶、边材积和树干氮含量等);而纬度、海拔和地形因子通过影响气象因子或生物因子而间接影响树干呼吸。诸多因子中,树干温度对树干呼吸的贡献最大(Q10可描述树干呼吸对温度升高的敏感性)。树干呼吸机理及其影响因子乃是今后研究的主要内容,一方面要采用统一的测量方法和技术,另一方面要综合考虑影响树干呼吸的内外因素,建立树干呼吸的相关模型,为构建森林生态系统碳循环模型、了解森林生态系统碳收支状况及其对大气CO2浓度变化的贡献和对全球变化的响应提供理论依据。
马玉娥, 项文化, 雷丕锋. 林木树干呼吸变化及其影响因素研究进展. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3): 403-412. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0049
MA Yu-E, XIANG Wen-Hua, LEI Pi-Feng. STEM RESPIRATION AND ITS CONTROLLING FACTORS IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(3): 403-412. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0049
树种 Tree species | 林龄 Age | 林分密度 Stand density (tree·hm-2) | 呼吸量 Respiration (kg CO2·hm-2·a-1) | 测定方法 Method of measurement | 呼吸量占GPP 的百分比 Respiration/GPP (%) | 数据来源 Data sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
油松 Pinus tabulaeformis | 17 | 1 944 | 2 794 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
白桦 Betula platyphylla | - | 895 | 1 703 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
辽东栎 Quercus liaotungensis | - | 677 | 1 700 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
辽东栎 Q. liaotungensis | - | 677 | 1 600 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 20 | 9 670 | 活体测定 In vivo | - | ||
马占相思 Acacia mangium | 8 | 1 004 | 10 974 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
马尾松 P. massoniana | - | 260 | 4 449 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
欧洲赤松 P. sylvestris | 50 | 1 176 | 760 | 活体测定 In vivo | 8 | |
巴西百木和圭亚那明夸铁青木 Simarouba amara and Minquartia guianensis | - | - | 2 200 | 活体测定 In vivo | 13 | Ryan et al.,1994b |
表1 不同森林类型的树干呼吸量
Table 1 Total stem respiration rate in different forests
树种 Tree species | 林龄 Age | 林分密度 Stand density (tree·hm-2) | 呼吸量 Respiration (kg CO2·hm-2·a-1) | 测定方法 Method of measurement | 呼吸量占GPP 的百分比 Respiration/GPP (%) | 数据来源 Data sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
油松 Pinus tabulaeformis | 17 | 1 944 | 2 794 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
白桦 Betula platyphylla | - | 895 | 1 703 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
辽东栎 Quercus liaotungensis | - | 677 | 1 700 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
辽东栎 Q. liaotungensis | - | 677 | 1 600 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 20 | 9 670 | 活体测定 In vivo | - | ||
马占相思 Acacia mangium | 8 | 1 004 | 10 974 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
马尾松 P. massoniana | - | 260 | 4 449 | 离体测定 In vitro | - | |
欧洲赤松 P. sylvestris | 50 | 1 176 | 760 | 活体测定 In vivo | 8 | |
巴西百木和圭亚那明夸铁青木 Simarouba amara and Minquartia guianensis | - | - | 2 200 | 活体测定 In vivo | 13 | Ryan et al.,1994b |
树种 Tree species | 直径 Diameter (cm) | 树龄 Tree age | 测定时间 Time for measurement | 最大呼吸出现时间 Time of maximum respiration | 数据来源 Data sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | - | 20 | 0:00~24:00 | 12:00~16:00, 22:00~24:00 | |
兴安落叶松 Larix gmelinii | 18~20 | 33 | 6:00~18:00 | 12:00,16:00 | |
红松 Pinus koraiensis | 0:00~24:00 | 16:00~20:00 | |||
美国红枫 Acer rubrum | 40~75 | 21~52 | 6:00~22:00 | 18:00 | |
白栎 Quercus alba | 40~75 | 20~65 | 6:00~22:00 | 18:00 | |
橡栎 Q. prinus | 40~75 | 21~62 | 6:00~22:00 | 18:00 | |
一球悬铃木 Platanus occidentalis | - | 10.2 | 0:00~24:00 | 12:00 | |
美国枫香 Liquidambar styraciflua | - | 14.3 | 0:00~24:00 | 15:00 | |
美国水青冈 Fagus grandifolia | - | 15.1 | 0:00~24:00 | 12:00 | |
白栎 Q. alba | - | 15~70 | 0:00~24:00 | 2:00 | |
欧洲赤松 Pinus sylvestris | - | 50 | 0:00~24:00 | 16:00 | |
美国枫香 Liquidambar styraciflua | 14.3 | 15 | 0:00~24:00 | 23:00 |
表2 不同森林的树干呼吸日变化规律
Table 2 Diurnal variation of stem respiration in different forests
树种 Tree species | 直径 Diameter (cm) | 树龄 Tree age | 测定时间 Time for measurement | 最大呼吸出现时间 Time of maximum respiration | 数据来源 Data sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | - | 20 | 0:00~24:00 | 12:00~16:00, 22:00~24:00 | |
兴安落叶松 Larix gmelinii | 18~20 | 33 | 6:00~18:00 | 12:00,16:00 | |
红松 Pinus koraiensis | 0:00~24:00 | 16:00~20:00 | |||
美国红枫 Acer rubrum | 40~75 | 21~52 | 6:00~22:00 | 18:00 | |
白栎 Quercus alba | 40~75 | 20~65 | 6:00~22:00 | 18:00 | |
橡栎 Q. prinus | 40~75 | 21~62 | 6:00~22:00 | 18:00 | |
一球悬铃木 Platanus occidentalis | - | 10.2 | 0:00~24:00 | 12:00 | |
美国枫香 Liquidambar styraciflua | - | 14.3 | 0:00~24:00 | 15:00 | |
美国水青冈 Fagus grandifolia | - | 15.1 | 0:00~24:00 | 12:00 | |
白栎 Q. alba | - | 15~70 | 0:00~24:00 | 2:00 | |
欧洲赤松 Pinus sylvestris | - | 50 | 0:00~24:00 | 16:00 | |
美国枫香 Liquidambar styraciflua | 14.3 | 15 | 0:00~24:00 | 23:00 |
树种 Tree species | 直径 Diameter (cm) | 树龄 Tree age | 测定时间 Time of measurement | 呼吸最大月 Month of maximum respiration | 呼吸最小月 Month of minimum respiration | 文献来源 Data sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
兴安落叶松 Larix gmelinii | 16.4 | 31 | 5~10月 May-Oct. | 7 | - | |
兴安落叶松 L. gmelinii | 10.2 | 17 | 5~10月 May-Oct. | 8 | - | |
兴安落叶松 L. gmelinii | 18~20 | 33 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 7 | - | |
红松 Pinus koraiensis | 25, 45, 65 | 5~9月 May-Sept. | 8 | - | ||
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | - | 20, 17 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 7 | 1 | |
杉木 C. lanceolata | - | 13 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 8 | 1 | |
美国枫香 Liquidambar styraciflua | 14.3 | 15 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 7 或 8 7 or 8 | 1 | |
欧洲赤松 Pinus sylvestris | - | 50 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 7 | - | |
欧洲山毛榉 Fagus sylvatica | - | 25~35 | 4~11月 Apr.-Nov. | 6 和 7 6 and 7 | - | |
欧洲白桦 Betula pendula | - | 6~10月 Jun.-Oct. | 8 | - | ||
火炬松 Pinus taeda | 10.92 | 12 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 5 | - | |
挪威云杉 Picea abies | - | 14 | 5~9月 May-Sept. | 7 | - | |
花旗松 Pseudotsuga menziesii | - | 60~112 | 4~12月 Apr.-Dec. | 5 | 11 | |
瑞士五针松 Pinus cembra | - | 95 | 10月~翌年12月 Oct.-next Dec. | 6 | 12 | |
美国红枫 Acer rubrum | 40~75 | 21~52 | 2~10月 Feb.-Oct. | 6 | - | |
白栎 Quercus alba | 40~75 | 20~65 | 2~10月 Feb.-Oct. | 6或7 6 or 7 | - | |
橡栎 Q. prinus | 40~75 | 21~62 | 2~10月 Feb.-Oct. | 6或7 6 or 7 | - | |
桦木 B. ermanii | 16, 38, 86 | 85 | 7月~翌年11月 Jul.-next Nov. | 8 | 2 | |
日本山毛榉 F. crenata | 50, 75 | 130, 140 | 7月~翌年11月 Jul.-next Nov. | 8 | 2 |
表3 不同森林类型的树干呼吸季节变化规律
Table 3 Seasonal variation of stem respiration in different forests
树种 Tree species | 直径 Diameter (cm) | 树龄 Tree age | 测定时间 Time of measurement | 呼吸最大月 Month of maximum respiration | 呼吸最小月 Month of minimum respiration | 文献来源 Data sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
兴安落叶松 Larix gmelinii | 16.4 | 31 | 5~10月 May-Oct. | 7 | - | |
兴安落叶松 L. gmelinii | 10.2 | 17 | 5~10月 May-Oct. | 8 | - | |
兴安落叶松 L. gmelinii | 18~20 | 33 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 7 | - | |
红松 Pinus koraiensis | 25, 45, 65 | 5~9月 May-Sept. | 8 | - | ||
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | - | 20, 17 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 7 | 1 | |
杉木 C. lanceolata | - | 13 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 8 | 1 | |
美国枫香 Liquidambar styraciflua | 14.3 | 15 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 7 或 8 7 or 8 | 1 | |
欧洲赤松 Pinus sylvestris | - | 50 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 7 | - | |
欧洲山毛榉 Fagus sylvatica | - | 25~35 | 4~11月 Apr.-Nov. | 6 和 7 6 and 7 | - | |
欧洲白桦 Betula pendula | - | 6~10月 Jun.-Oct. | 8 | - | ||
火炬松 Pinus taeda | 10.92 | 12 | 1~12月 Jan.-Dec. | 5 | - | |
挪威云杉 Picea abies | - | 14 | 5~9月 May-Sept. | 7 | - | |
花旗松 Pseudotsuga menziesii | - | 60~112 | 4~12月 Apr.-Dec. | 5 | 11 | |
瑞士五针松 Pinus cembra | - | 95 | 10月~翌年12月 Oct.-next Dec. | 6 | 12 | |
美国红枫 Acer rubrum | 40~75 | 21~52 | 2~10月 Feb.-Oct. | 6 | - | |
白栎 Quercus alba | 40~75 | 20~65 | 2~10月 Feb.-Oct. | 6或7 6 or 7 | - | |
橡栎 Q. prinus | 40~75 | 21~62 | 2~10月 Feb.-Oct. | 6或7 6 or 7 | - | |
桦木 B. ermanii | 16, 38, 86 | 85 | 7月~翌年11月 Jul.-next Nov. | 8 | 2 | |
日本山毛榉 F. crenata | 50, 75 | 130, 140 | 7月~翌年11月 Jul.-next Nov. | 8 | 2 |
图2 树干呼吸与树干温度之间关系的研究实例(Wang et al., 2003;王淼等,2005; Jiang et al., 2003)
Fig.2 Study cases on relationship between stem respiration rate and stem temperature
树种 Tree species | 美国西部黄松 Pinus ponderosa | 美国枫香 Liquidambar styraciflua | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
树干呼吸 Stem respiration (μmol·m-3·s-1) | 大气 CO2 Atmospheric CO2 | 2×大气 CO2 2×Atmospheric CO2 | 大气 CO2 Atmospheric CO2 | 1.4×大气 CO2 1.4×Atmospheric CO2 |
总树干呼吸 Total stem respiration | 16.9 | 19.5 | 13.9 | 18.5 |
生长呼吸 Growth respiration | 4.5 | 4.3 | 8.2 | 10.1 |
维持呼吸 Maintenance respiration | 12.4 | 15.2 | 5.7 | 8.4 |
表4 树干呼吸与CO2之间的关系
Table 4 Relationship between stem respiration and CO2 concentrations
树种 Tree species | 美国西部黄松 Pinus ponderosa | 美国枫香 Liquidambar styraciflua | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
树干呼吸 Stem respiration (μmol·m-3·s-1) | 大气 CO2 Atmospheric CO2 | 2×大气 CO2 2×Atmospheric CO2 | 大气 CO2 Atmospheric CO2 | 1.4×大气 CO2 1.4×Atmospheric CO2 |
总树干呼吸 Total stem respiration | 16.9 | 19.5 | 13.9 | 18.5 |
生长呼吸 Growth respiration | 4.5 | 4.3 | 8.2 | 10.1 |
维持呼吸 Maintenance respiration | 12.4 | 15.2 | 5.7 | 8.4 |
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