美国东部杜克森林长期定位研究综述

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

该文比较系统地综述了美国东部杜克森林76年来植物种类变化、种群动态和森林演替研究的基本情况。重点介绍了该森林内永久性森林样地的设置和调查规范,以及最近10年来利用永久样地数据进行树木空间格局和自然干扰研究的最新进展,并将杜克森林永久样地监测规范和数据管理方法与目前主要的森林监测网络进行了一定的比较,旨在对目前国际上蓬勃开展的长期定位植物多样性监测和空间格局研究有所启示和帮助。

关键词: 杜克森林, 永久样地, 植物多样性, 森林演替, 空间格局分析, 自然干扰, 皮德蒙特高原, 干扰生态学

Abstract:

A growing need for long-term condition and trend information across natural and anthropogenic landscapes is promoting interest in long-term permanent plot research. In this review, we introduced the 76-year history of management and research on forest dynamics in the Duke Forest, NC. This forest has been intensively studied since the early 1930s and has become a model system for ecological and environmental education and research in the eastern United States. We summarize and assess research in the Duke Forest on forest environment, the current network of long-term permanent vegetation plots, survey protocols, data management procedures, and major research findings from those long-term plot data. We also summarize more broadly the current status of long-term research on the natural dynamics of Piedmont forests of the southeastern United States. Lessons learned from the Duke Forest research site could inform the design of a world-wide, long-term network of research plots for monitoring and assessment of forest dynamics and trends in species composition and biodiversity.

Key words: Duke Forest, species diversity, forest succession, spatial pattern, disturbance ecology, long-term permanent plot, the eastern deciduous forests, Piedmont Plateau

奚为民, PEET Robert K.. 美国东部杜克森林长期定位研究综述. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(2): 299-318. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.007

XI Wei-Min, PEET Robert K. LONG-TERM STUDIES OF FOREST DYNAMIC IN THE DUKE FOREST, SOUTH EASTERN UNITED STATES: A SYNTHESIS (REVIEW). Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(2): 299-318. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.007

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.007

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I2/299

图/表 5

图1 杜克森林在美国北卡罗来纳州的位置,杜克森林中7个大型每木定位永久样地和34个永久样地的位置左上角的小图为美国北卡罗来纳州地图。本图显示了杜克森林Korstian和Durham两个管理区的森林类型。图上的PSP代表20世纪30年代建立的永久样地。森林类型图例因图幅有限未予标注

Fig.1 The locations of the Duke Forest in North Carolina and the seven mapped permanent plots (MPPs) and the 34 long-term permanent sample plots (PSPs) in Durham Division and Korstian Division of the Duke Forest, North Carolina, USA The sub-areas within the two divisions are the forest cover types. PSPs are the long-term permanent sample plots which were established in the early 1930s.Note the legends of forest cover types are not shown in this figure (Data source: the Duke Forest office, Duke University 2001)

图2 皮德蒙特地区弃耕地演替过程的4个阶段森林演替模式与预测的树种多样性变化曲线。飓风对于树种多样性的影响在演替的建立阶段和自疏阶段较小,其影响在演替的过渡阶段和稳态阶段较高。受到大型和中等飓风破坏后的树种的多样性的变化在图上用虚线表示。当风力较小,树种多样性变化较小。中等强度的飓风可能随时间的推移而增加树种多样性。当强飓风发生时,树种的多样性减小

Fig. 2 Old-field succession on Piedmont and four-stage forest succession model and hypothesized tree species diversity curve (as shown in solid line) over time.

图3 杜克森林景观照片(奚为民摄) 左上照片说明:杜克森林的管理者在1996年Fran飓风之后采用多种森林管理措施恢复火炬松林。这张2001年的照片上的指示牌显示了一块林地的大约100年的土地利用历史和在1996年Fran飓风过后所采取的一系列林业管理措施,包括倒木的处理、粉碎、火烧和种植火炬松。这个很独特的指示牌位于杜克森林的新希望小溪上的木桥附近。右上照片说明:杜克森林的高地混生硬木林。这张2001年的照片显示了以栎树为主的高地混生硬木林10号样地的景象。它出现在排水良好的地段。最常见的上层树种是白栎(Quercus alba)、北方红栎(Q. rubra)、南方红栎(Q. falcata)、黑栎(Q. velutina)、Scarlet oak(Q. coccinea)和几种山核桃树。常见的林冠亚层木本植物包括酸木(Oxydendrum arboreum)、多花狗木(Cornus florida)、蓝果树(Nyssa sylvatica)、红槭(Acer rubrum)和各种荚蒾(Viburnum spp.)。左下照片说明:杜克森林的80~100年左右的火炬松林。这张2001年的照片显示了一个处于过渡性演替阶段的火炬松林。该样地是在弃耕地上发育起来的同龄火炬松林。这块样地处在向以硬木林占优势的森林的过渡阶段。火炬松在样地的林冠层占优势。伴生种有红槭、美国枫香、美国鹅掌楸和山核桃树。林下层松树幼树很少,占优势的多为较广布的硬木树种如多花狗木和红槭,以及其它对生境有代表性的硬木树如酸木和美国铁木(Carpinus caroliniana)。右下照片说明:杜克森林的低地混生硬木林。这张2001年的照片显示了一个典型的低地硬木林。美国山毛榉是这种森林类型的区分种,但美国山毛榉往往没有白栎、红栎、美国枫香和糖槭(Acer saccharum)占优势。柳栎、美国鹅掌楸和Shagbark hickory也有少量分布。糖槭常常和多花狗木、落叶冬青(Ilex decidua)和铁木等一起构成森林下层的优势种。灌木层不发达,但木质藤本如野葡萄(Vitis rotundifolia)和毒藤(Toxicodendron radicans)很常见

Fig.3 Photographs illustrating major forest landscape types in the Duke Forest, North Carolina, USA. Photographs are by Weimin Xi Upper left: This sign shows the 100-year land use history and various management practices have been conducted after the 1996 Hurricane Fran for this damaged area, including salvaging, chopping, site preparation burning, and planting of loblolly pines. Upper right: This 2001 photograph shows a typical oak-dominated upland hardwood stand (PSP 10) in the Duke Forest. The majority of upland hardwoods is second growth and is significantly influenced by soil type, physiology and past disturbance. Lower left: This 2001 photograph shows the Graveyard plot loblolly pine stand of Duke Forest. The Graveyard plot was an even-aged (ca. 80-year-old), post-agriculture loblolly stand in transition to hardwood dominance. Lower right: The mixed-aged lowland alluvial hardwood forest. Lowland forests (or bottomland hardwood areas) occupy mainly mesic/hydric sites

图4 杜克森林样地动态三维直观图(奚为民制作) 左上图和右上图说明:这两张森林永久样地三维直观图使用杜克森林内Bormann永久样地(栎树林)1950年首次实地调查和1997年调查数据创作而成。三维图用美国林务局开发的森林制图系统为基础,经我们重新编程制作而成。两张森林永久样地三维图一起直观地显示了Bormann永久样地47年里森林景观的动态。注意1997年的三维图中有一些被1996年飓风刮倒的树木。该样地长和宽均为140 m, 样地面积1.96 hm2。左下图和右下图说明:这两张森林永久样地三维图林使用杜克森林第17号永久样地(火炬松林)1933年首次实地调查和2000年调查数据创作而成。两张森林永久样地三维图一起直观地显示了第17号永久样地67年里森林景观的变化。该样地长和宽均为20.1 m, 样地面积0.04 hm2。

Fig.4 3D visualization of long-term forest stand dynamics in the Duke Forest, North Carolina, USA (The images are created by Weimin Xi) The upper right and upper left graphic images together show visualization of forest stand dynamics in the Bormann plot of Duke Forest, North Carolina, USA. The lower right and lower left show 3D visualization of forest stand dynamics in PSP 17 plot of Duke Forest, North Carolina, USA. These 3-Dimesion graphic images were generated using our improved Stand Visualization System (SVS), which originally developed by the Pacific Northwest Research Station of the USDA Forest Service with data from field survey records of the forest stand from 1950 to 1997 for the Bormann plot, and 1933 to 2001 for the PSP 17. Note in the upper right image of Bormann plot, there are some fallen trees by the 1996 Hurricane Fan. These images provide a representation of dynamics of stand conditions in both plots over a 47-year and 67-year period. The Bormann plot is 1.96 hm2 in size (140 m long and 140 m wide), and the PSP 17 is 0.04 hm2 in size (20.1 m long and 20.1 m wide)

图5 样地树种的消耗曲线显示了两个高低混生异龄硬木林中不同树种的死亡率的差异 CARY: Carya spp. CACA: Carya carolinae-septentrionalis CATO: Carya tomentosa CAGL: Carya glabra COFL: Cornus florida JUVI: Juniperus virginiana QUSP: Quercus spp. 注意在第10号样地(a)的栎树(QUSP)和第36号样地(b)的多花狗木(COFL)在1996年底飓风后树木密度急剧降低 Note that Quercus spp. in PSP 10 (a) and Cornus florida in PSP 36 (b) greatly decreased in or shortly after Hurricane Fran

Fig.5 Depletion curves illustrating differences in mortality rates of trees from two upland, mixed-aged, mixed-species stands

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