1965-2010年大兴安岭森林火灾碳排放的估算研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00629

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

火干扰是森林生态系统的重要干扰因子, 是导致植被和土壤碳储量发生变化的重要原因。火干扰所排放的含碳气体对气候变化具有重要的影响。科学有效地对森林火灾所排放的碳进行计量, 对了解区域和全球的碳平衡及碳循环具有重要的意义。根据大兴安岭森林资源调查数据和1965-2010年森林火灾统计资料, 利用地理信息系统GIS (geographic information system)技术, 通过野外火烧迹地调查与室内控制环境实验相结合的方法确定各种计量参数, 从林分水平上, 采用排放因子法, 估算了大兴安岭1965-2010年46年间森林火灾所排放的碳和含碳气体量。结果表明: 大兴安岭46年间森林火灾排放的碳为2.93 × 10 ⁷t, 年平均排放量为6.38 × 10 ⁵t, 约占全国年均森林火灾碳排放量的5.64%; 含碳气体CO₂、CO、CH₄和非甲烷烃(NMHC)的排放量分别为1.02 × 10⁸、9.41 × 10 ⁶、5.41 × 10 ⁵和2.11 × 10 ⁵t, 含碳气体CO₂、CO、CH₄和NMHC的年均排放量分别为2.22 × 10⁶、2.05 × 10 ⁵、1.18 × 10 ⁴和4.59 × 10 ³t, 分别占全国年均森林火灾各含碳气体排放量的5.46%、7.56%、10.54%和4.06%; 针阔混交林燃烧效率较低, 虽然火烧面积占总过火面积的21.23%, 但排放的碳只占总排放量的7.81%, 为此提出了相应的林火管理策略。

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关键词: 碳排放, 大兴安岭, 排放因子, 森林火灾, 林火管理策略

Abstract:

Aims Forest fire is a major disturbance factor for forest ecosystems and an important pathway of decreasing vegetation- and soil-carbon storage. Scientifically and effectively measuring carbonaceous gases emission from forest fire is important in understanding the significance of forest fire in carbon balance and climate change. However, carbon emissions from forest fire remain unclear. Our objective was to estimate carbon emissions from forest fires from 1965 to 2010 in Daxing’an Mountains of Heilongjiang Province, China.

Methods We used a geographic information system (GIS) based modeling approach to generate emission estimates using a two-step procedure. First, we calculated total carbon released from forest fires in Daxing’an Mountains for selected years between 1965 and 2010 by merging and analyzing several measurement parameters. Second, we calculated amounts of four carbonaceous gases released during the burns, carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH₄), and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC), using several different experimentally derived emission factors. The origin of each of the inputs used in our models is based on a combination of analysis of forest fire statistics, forest resources inventory, field research and laboratory experiments.

Important findings Direct total carbon emissions from forest fires in Daxing’an Mountains during 1965-2010 are about 2.93 × 10⁷t, and mean annual carbon emissions are about 6.38 × 10 ⁵t per year, accounting for 5.64% of the direct total carbon emissions from forest fires in China. Carbon atmospheric emissions of CO₂, CO, CH₄ and NMHC from forest fires were 1.02 × 10⁸t, 9.41 × 10 ⁶t, 5.41 × 10 ⁵t and 2.11 × 10 ⁵t, respectively, and mean annual emissions of CO₂, CO, CH₄, and NMHC from forest fires were 2.22 × 10⁶t, 2.05 × 10 ⁵t, 1.18 × 10 ⁴t and 4.59 × 10 ³t, respectively, accounting for 5.46%, 7.56%, 10.54% and 4.06% of the amounts of four carbonaceous gases released from forest fires in China, respectively. Our results indicate that combustion efficiency of coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests is lower than other forest types, and burned area of coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests accounts for 21.23% of total burned area, but carbon emissions accounts for 7.81% of total carbon emissions.

Key words: carbon emission, Daxing’an Mountains, emission factor, forest fire, forest fire management strategy

胡海清, 魏书精, 孙龙. 1965-2010年大兴安岭森林火灾碳排放的估算研究. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(7): 629-644. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00629

HU Hai-Qing, WEI Shu-Jing, SUN Long. Estimation of carbon emissions due to forest fire in Daxing’an Mountains from 1965 to 2010. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(7): 629-644. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00629

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2012/V36/I7/629

图/表 9

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火强度 Fire intensity	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	总和 Total
轻度 Low	139 088.51	103 206.63	108 332.62	14 655.73	148 847.25	33 451.00	11 590.70	18 953.80	29 381.92	448 761.26	1 056 269.42
中度 Medium	185 451.35	147 438.05	64 999.56	58 622.91	59 538.90	100 353.00	11 590.70	37 907.61	29 381.92	224 380.63	919 664.63
重度 High	602 716.86	44 231.40	259 998.28	73 278.65	89 308.35	89 202.65	92 725.69	132 676.63	88 145.75	74 793.54	1 547 077.81
总和 Total	927 256.72	294 876.09	433 330.46	146 557.29	297 694.50	223 006.65	115 907.09	189 538.04	146 909.59	747 935.43	3 523 011.86

火强度 Fire intensity	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	总和 Total
轻度 Low	139 088.51	103 206.63	108 332.62	14 655.73	148 847.25	33 451.00	11 590.70	18 953.80	29 381.92	448 761.26	1 056 269.42
中度 Medium	185 451.35	147 438.05	64 999.56	58 622.91	59 538.90	100 353.00	11 590.70	37 907.61	29 381.92	224 380.63	919 664.63
重度 High	602 716.86	44 231.40	259 998.28	73 278.65	89 308.35	89 202.65	92 725.69	132 676.63	88 145.75	74 793.54	1 547 077.81
总和 Total	927 256.72	294 876.09	433 330.46	146 557.29	297 694.50	223 006.65	115 907.09	189 538.04	146 909.59	747 935.43	3 523 011.86

林型 Forest type	火强度 Fire intensity	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
乔木 Tree	轻度 Low	1.149E+5	9.162E+4	3.011E+5	3.590E+4	2.030E+5	3.721E+4	2.241E+4	6.931E+4	6.034E+4	1.900E+5
	中度 Medium	8.426E+5	5.235E+5	3.097E+5	2.872E+5	1.624E+5	2.977E+5	3.486E+4	2.911E+5	1.282E+5	1.900E+5
	重度 High	3.485E+6	2.749E+5	1.549E+6	4.488E+5	2.923E+5	3.307E+5	4.979E+5	1.504E+6	5.883E+5	1.583E+5
灌木 Shrub	轻度 Low	2.583E+3	3.965E+3	1.561E+4	2.134E+3	2.690E+4	5.380E+1	6.758E+2	3.043E+3	8.239E+3	2.941E+4
	中度 Medium	4.919E+3	1.039E+4	1.472E+4	1.067E+4	1.480E+4	1.775E+3	9.762E+2	9.832E+3	1.154E+4	3.431E+4
	重度 High	2.078E+4	3.965E +3	8.562E+4	2.001E+4	2.825E+4	1.865E+3	1.201E+4	4.589E+4	4.449E+4	1.634E+4
草本 Herb	轻度 Low	1.491E+4	1.255E+5	1.380E+5	2.359E+3	2.777E+4	8.595E+2	1.527E+3	6.852E+3	4.009E+3	8.196E+4
	中度 Medium	3.225E+4	3.587E+5	1.882E+5	1.685E+4	2.170E+4	4.915E+3	2.563E+3	2.003E+4	6.581E+3	1.165E+5
	重度 High	1.219E+5	1.170E+5	1.004E+6	2.808E+4	3.875E+4	7.162E+3	2.181E+4	7.380E+4	2.269E+4	7.189E+4
枯枝落叶 Litter	轻度 Low	7.149E+4	4.398E+4	4.753E+3	5.310E+3	3.973E+4	1.641E+3	6.323E+3	2.586E+4	1.818E+4	2.398E+5
	中度 Medium	2.611E+4	9.599E+4	7.010E+3	3.152E+4	3.008E+4	7.303E+3	1.475E+4	8.221E+4	3.911E+4	2.264E+5
	重度 High	1.347E+6	5.236E+4	4.753E+4	8.566E+4	8.514E+4	1.411E+4	1.405E+5	3.233E+5	1.653E+5	1.480E+5
腐殖质 Duff	轻度 Low	9.575E+4	2.482E+4	4.954E+4	6.322E+3	7.256E+4	7.528E+3	1.790E+4	2.558E+4	2.276E+4	1.523E+5
	中度 Medium	2.437E+5	1.702E+5	5.319E+4	1.328E+5	6.772E+4	3.388E+4	2.983E+4	8.673E+4	4.418E+4	1.958E+5
	重度 High	3.244E+6	1.808E+5	5.883E+5	2.964E+5	2.866E+5	8.747E+4	5.115E+5	7.083E+5	2.892E+5	2.284E+5
粗木质残体 Coarse woody debris	轻度 Low	5.101E+4	2.447E+4	5.693E+4	8.321E+3	8.003E+4	3.374E+3	8.221E+3	8.458E+3	1.507E+4	7.192E+4
	中度 Medium	1.436E+5	6.991E+4	6.521E+4	5.991E+4	5.976E+4	2.362E+4	1.370E+4	3.625E+4	3.014E+4	9.889E+4
	重度 High	8.350E+5	4.824E+4	5.093E+5	1.123E+6	1.184E+5	3.299E+4	1.315E+5	2.284E+5	1.469E+5	4.195E+4
林分总碳排放 Total carbon emissions of forest stand		1.067E+7	2.220E+6	4.987E+6	1.591E+6	1.656E+6	8.941E+5	1.469E+6	3.549E+6	1.645E+4	2.292E+6

林型 Forest type	火强度 Fire intensity	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
乔木 Tree	轻度 Low	1.149E+5	9.162E+4	3.011E+5	3.590E+4	2.030E+5	3.721E+4	2.241E+4	6.931E+4	6.034E+4	1.900E+5
	中度 Medium	8.426E+5	5.235E+5	3.097E+5	2.872E+5	1.624E+5	2.977E+5	3.486E+4	2.911E+5	1.282E+5	1.900E+5
	重度 High	3.485E+6	2.749E+5	1.549E+6	4.488E+5	2.923E+5	3.307E+5	4.979E+5	1.504E+6	5.883E+5	1.583E+5
灌木 Shrub	轻度 Low	2.583E+3	3.965E+3	1.561E+4	2.134E+3	2.690E+4	5.380E+1	6.758E+2	3.043E+3	8.239E+3	2.941E+4
	中度 Medium	4.919E+3	1.039E+4	1.472E+4	1.067E+4	1.480E+4	1.775E+3	9.762E+2	9.832E+3	1.154E+4	3.431E+4
	重度 High	2.078E+4	3.965E +3	8.562E+4	2.001E+4	2.825E+4	1.865E+3	1.201E+4	4.589E+4	4.449E+4	1.634E+4
草本 Herb	轻度 Low	1.491E+4	1.255E+5	1.380E+5	2.359E+3	2.777E+4	8.595E+2	1.527E+3	6.852E+3	4.009E+3	8.196E+4
	中度 Medium	3.225E+4	3.587E+5	1.882E+5	1.685E+4	2.170E+4	4.915E+3	2.563E+3	2.003E+4	6.581E+3	1.165E+5
	重度 High	1.219E+5	1.170E+5	1.004E+6	2.808E+4	3.875E+4	7.162E+3	2.181E+4	7.380E+4	2.269E+4	7.189E+4
枯枝落叶 Litter	轻度 Low	7.149E+4	4.398E+4	4.753E+3	5.310E+3	3.973E+4	1.641E+3	6.323E+3	2.586E+4	1.818E+4	2.398E+5
	中度 Medium	2.611E+4	9.599E+4	7.010E+3	3.152E+4	3.008E+4	7.303E+3	1.475E+4	8.221E+4	3.911E+4	2.264E+5
	重度 High	1.347E+6	5.236E+4	4.753E+4	8.566E+4	8.514E+4	1.411E+4	1.405E+5	3.233E+5	1.653E+5	1.480E+5
腐殖质 Duff	轻度 Low	9.575E+4	2.482E+4	4.954E+4	6.322E+3	7.256E+4	7.528E+3	1.790E+4	2.558E+4	2.276E+4	1.523E+5
	中度 Medium	2.437E+5	1.702E+5	5.319E+4	1.328E+5	6.772E+4	3.388E+4	2.983E+4	8.673E+4	4.418E+4	1.958E+5
	重度 High	3.244E+6	1.808E+5	5.883E+5	2.964E+5	2.866E+5	8.747E+4	5.115E+5	7.083E+5	2.892E+5	2.284E+5
粗木质残体 Coarse woody debris	轻度 Low	5.101E+4	2.447E+4	5.693E+4	8.321E+3	8.003E+4	3.374E+3	8.221E+3	8.458E+3	1.507E+4	7.192E+4
	中度 Medium	1.436E+5	6.991E+4	6.521E+4	5.991E+4	5.976E+4	2.362E+4	1.370E+4	3.625E+4	3.014E+4	9.889E+4
	重度 High	8.350E+5	4.824E+4	5.093E+5	1.123E+6	1.184E+5	3.299E+4	1.315E+5	2.284E+5	1.469E+5	4.195E+4
林分总碳排放 Total carbon emissions of forest stand		1.067E+7	2.220E+6	4.987E+6	1.591E+6	1.656E+6	8.941E+5	1.469E+6	3.549E+6	1.645E+4	2.292E+6

林型 Forest type	含碳气体类型 Carbonaceous gas type	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
乔木 Tree	CO₂	1.346E+7	2.766E+6	6.843E+6	2.480E+6	1.975E+6	2.030E+6	1.848E+6	5.756E+6	2.586E+6	1.673E+6
	CO	1.570E+6	2.681E+5	8.524E+5	1.709E+5	1.623E+5	2.028E+5	1.370E+5	3.461E+5	1.471E+5	1.053E+5
	CH₄	1.315E+5	1.700E+4	6.241E+4	2.154E+4	6.709E+3	2.582E+4	1.099E+4	3.561E+4	7.924E+3	1.001E+4
	NMHC	2.799E+4	6.497E+3	1.620E+4	5.095E+3	4.275E+3	5.591E+3	3.997E+3	1.473E+4	5.904E+3	3.929E+3
灌木 Shrub	CO₂	9.566E+4	5.981E+4	3.884E+5	1.003E+5	2.304E+5	1.237E+4	4.519E+4	1.874E+5	2.003E+5	2.509E+5
	CO	5.934E+3	3.941E+3	2.013E+4	6.601E+3	1.359E+4	6.554E+2	2.396E+3	1.143E+4	1.319E+4	1.533E+4
	CH₄	2.885E+2	4.194E+2	1.890E+3	3.052E+2	1.700E+3	5.246E+1	1.818E+2	6.053E+2	6.362E+2	1.449E+3
	NMHC	2.150E+2	1.447E+2	9.856E+2	2.789E+2	4.826E+2	3.029E+1	1.243E+2	4.584E+2	5.591E+2	7.366 E+2
草本 Herb	CO₂	5.582E+5	2.079E+6	4.106E+6	1.570E+5	2.826 E+5	4.210E+4	7.814E+4	3.178E+5	1.047E+5	8.233E+5
	CO	3.714E+4	1.452E+5	4.594E+5	9.761E+3	2.315E+4	3.146E+3	7.520E+3	1.805E+4	6.797E+3	5.817E+4
	CH₄	1.707E+3	4.990E+3	2.420E+4	8.465E+2	1.623E+3	2.122E+2	3.47E+2	1.732E+3	5.958E+2	2.351E+3
	NMHC	9.974E+2	3.908E+3	1.011E+4	2.979E+2	7.410E+2	6.727E+1	1.684E+2	6.544E+2	2.297E+2	2.189E+3
枯枝落叶 Litter	CO₂	4.412E+6	6.061E+6	1.833E+5	3.974E+5	5.129E+5	7.270E+4	5.055E+5	1.362E+6	7.125E+5	1.852E+6
	CO	4.541E+5	6.787E+4	2.299E+4	5.293E+4	3.423E+4	5.616E+3	5.384E+4	9.244E+4	4.613E+4	2.280E+5
	CH₄	2.340E+4	2.289E+3	6.640E+2	9.554E+2	3.858E+3	2.420E+2	2.213E+3	3.839E+3	2.159E+3	1.149E+4
	NMHC	8.369E+3	9.809E+2	3.854E+2	7.594E+2	1.100E+3	1.983E+2	7.272E+2	2.804E+3	1.224E+3	4.606E+3
腐殖质 Duff	CO₂	1.087E+7	1.113E+6	2.150E+6	1.371E+6	1.432E+6	3.997E+5	1.758E+6	2.546E+6	1.131E+6	1.928E+6
	CO	1.515E+6	1.767E+5	2.989E+5	1.721E+5	1.111E+5	3.739E+4	1.602E+5	1.751E+5	9.049E+4	1.730E+5
	CH₄	3.798E+4	4.322E+3	7.532E+3	4.529E+3	5.080E+3	1.495E+3	6.654E+3	7.714E+3	3.526E+3	6.744E+3
	NMHC	2.007E+4	2.443E+3	4.077E+3	2.831E+3	2.945E+3	1.147E+3	4.250E+3	5.826E+3	2.778E+3	4.785E+3
粗木质残体 Coarse woody debris	CO₂	3.250E+6	4.360E+5	2.083E+6	5.641E+5	7.866E+5	1.865E+5	5.049E+5	9.060E+5	6.071E+5	6.179E+5
	CO	2.069E+5	2.998E+4	1.198E+5	4.054E+4	5.909E+4	1.312E+4	2.930E+4	5.041E+4	4.051E+4	5.010E+4
	CH₄	8.649E+3	1.354E+3	5.114E+3	1.896E+3	2.815E+3	5.879E+2	1.335E+3	2.293E+3	1.883E+3	2.638E+3
	NMHC	7.310E+3	9.270E+2	3.662E+3	1.156E+3	2.040E+3	4.859E+2	9.668E+2	1.830E+3	1.383E+3	1.851E+4