东北林区净初级生产力及大兴安岭地区林火干扰影响的模拟研究

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0031

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

森林净初级生产力(NPP)是衡量陆地碳源/汇的重要参数, 准确地估算森林生态系统的NPP, 同时通过引入干扰因子以期更加完整地描述生态学过程及其响应是目前森林生态系统碳循环研究的重点。因此, 该研究基于北方生态系统生产力(BEPS)模型, 结合遥感数据和气象数据等模拟2003年东北林区NPP; 将BEPS模型模拟的结果作为整合陆地生态系统碳收支(InTEC)模型的参考年数据, 模拟东北林区1901-2008年的NPP, 并在InTEC模型中加入林火干扰数据, 模拟大兴安岭地区1966-2008年的森林NPP。结果显示: 在1901年, 东北林区NPP平均值仅为278.8 g C·m^-2·a^-1, 到了1950年, NPP平均值增加到338.5 g C·m^-2·a^-1, 2008年NPP平均值进一步增加到378.4 g C·m^-2·a^-1。其中长白山地区的NPP平均值始终最高, 大兴安岭次之, 小兴安岭始终最低。到了2008年, 大、小兴安岭和长白山地区的NPP平均值都有较大涨幅, 其中涨幅最高的是长白山地区, 达到200-300 g C·m^-2·a^-1; 东北三省中, 黑龙江和吉林的NPP平均值和总量都比较高, 辽宁相对较低, 但相比于1901年的涨幅最高, 达到70%; 重大火灾(100-1000 hm²)对NPP的影响不是很大, 而特大火灾(>1000 hm²)的影响比较大, 使NPP下降幅度达到10%左右, 其他火灾年份, NPP增长迅速并保持在较高水平; 对火灾面积在100000 hm²以上的4个年份的NPP进行分析, 发现NPP平均值都大幅度下降, 其中1987年下降幅度最大, 为11%以上。

关键词: 北方生态系统生产力模型, 碳循环, 大兴安岭, 林火干扰, 整合陆地生态系统碳收支模型, 净初级生产力, 东北林区

Abstract: Aims

Forest net primary production (NPP) is an important parameter on measuring the terrestrial carbon source/sink. More accurately estimating NPP of forest ecosystems is the focus of carbon cycle. Our objective was to explore how to use remote sensing process model to simulate NPP of the northeast forest more accurately, and what impacts of forest fire disturbance have on NPP.

Methods

In this study, based on remote sensing data and meteorological data, Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model was used to simulate NPP of the northeast forest in 2003; The result of BEPS model acted as the reference year data of Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem C-budget (InTEC) model to simulate NPP from 1901 to 2008 of the northeast forest. Then forest fire disturbance data was incorporated in the InTEC model to simulate NPP from 1966 to 2008 of Daxing’an Mountain.

Important findings

The average value of NPP of the northeast forest was only 278.8 g C·m^-2·a^-1 in 1901. In 1950, average NPP had reached to 338.5 g C·m^-2·a^-1. The average NPP of the northeast forest in 2008 was 378.4 g C·m^-2·a^-1; Substantial increase was evidenced for Daxing’an Mountain, Xiaoxing’an Mountain and Changbai Mountain with 200 g C·m^-2·a^-1to 300 g C·m^-2·a^-1 increase for Changbai Mountain. The average and total value of NPP of Liaoning in 2008 was relatively low, but was still 70 percent higher than that in 1901. Moderate and large fires did not drastically reduce NPP, with less than 10 percent reduction during the year of fire occurrence. In the following years, NPP recovered quickly and maintained at a high level. NPP reduced substantially in each of the four years with burned area exceeding 100000 hm² in Daxing’an Mountain.

Key words: Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator model, carbon cycle, Daxing’an Mountain, forest fire disturbance, Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem C-budget model, net primary productivity, northeast forest

李明泽, 王斌, 范文义, 赵丹丹. 东北林区净初级生产力及大兴安岭地区林火干扰影响的模拟研究. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(4): 322-332. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0031

LI Ming-Ze,WANG Bin,FAN Wen-Yi,ZHAO Dan-Dan. Simulation of forest net primary production and the effects of fire disturbance in Northeast China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(4): 322-332. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0031

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0031

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2015/V39/I4/322

图/表 14

表1 北方生态系统生产力(BEPS)模型参数

Table 1 Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model parameters

符号 Symbol	单位 Unit	含义 Description	针叶 Conifers	阔叶 Boreal	针阔混交 Deciduous species	唯一值 Unique value	获取方法 Acquisition Method
Ω	μmol·m^-2·s^-1	叶片聚集度指数 Foliage clumping	0.5	0.7	0.9	-	实测 Measure
V_m,25	μmol·m^-2·s^-1	25 ℃时最大羧化速率 Maximum carboxylation rate at 25 ℃	25	50	50	-	迭代 Iteration
M_leaf	kg C·m^-2	叶片含碳量 Leaf carbon content	-	-	-	0.1	实测 Measure
M_stem	kg C·m^-2	干中含碳量 Stem carbon content	-	-	-	5.00	实测 Measure
M_root	kg C·m^-2	根中含碳量 Root carbon content	-	-	-	1.5	实测 Measure

表2 整合陆地生态系统碳收支(InTEC)模型参数

Table 2 Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem C-budget (InTEC ) model parameters

符号 Symbol	单位 Unit	含义 Description	针叶 Conifers	阔叶 Boreal	针阔混交 Deciduous species	唯一值 Unique value	获取方法 Acquisition Method
SLA	m²·m^-2	比叶面积参数 Parameter of specific leaf area	70.0	31.5	53.3	-	迭代 Iteration
V_cmax	μmol·m^-2·s^-1	最大羧化速率 Maximum carboxylation rate	33	60	40	-	迭代 Iteration
QN_fix	-	氮固化速率对温度的敏感度 Sensitivity of N fixation rate on temperature	-	-	-	2.3	迭代 Iteration
a_jm	-	电子传输对温度的敏感度 Sensitivity of electron transport on temperature	-	-	-	1.8	实测 Measure
a_vm	-	酶活性对温度的敏感度 Sensitivity of rubisco activity on temperature	-	-	-	2.4	实测 Measure
N_l	g N·m^-2	真实叶片氮含量 Actual leaf nitrogen content	-	-	-	1.2	实测 Measure

图1 叶面积指数(LAI)平滑前、后平均值对比。

Fig. 1 Comparison of the average leaf area index (LAI) values before smooth with after smooth.

图2 东北森林覆盖类型图。A, 白桦和黑杨; B, 白桦; C, 针叶混交林; D, 针阔混交林; E, 阔叶混交林; F, 紫椴; G, 黑杨; H, 红松和蒙古栎; I, 红松和紫椴; J, 蒙古栎; K, 落叶松; L, 蒙古栎和白桦; M, 山杨; N, 落叶松和白桦; O, 落叶松和蒙古栎; P, 樟子松; Q, 白桦和山杨。

Fig. 2 Northeast forest cover type map. A, Betula platyphylla and Populus nigra; B, Betula platyphylla; C, Coniferous forest; D, Mixed forest; E, Broadleaved forest; F, Tilia amurensis; G, Populus nigra; H, Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica; I, Pinus koraiensis and Tilia amurensis; J, Quercus mongolica; K, Larix gmelinii; L, Quercus mongolica and Betula platyphylla; M, Populus davidiana; N, Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla; O, Larix gmelinii and Quercus mongolica; P, Pinus sylvestris; Q, Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana.

图3 东北森林年龄分布图。

Fig. 3 Northeast forest age distribution map.

图4 北方生态系统生产力(BEPS)模型模拟的2003年净初级生产力(NPP)空间分布图。

Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of net primary production (NPP) in 2003 simulated by Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS).

表3 2003年关于不同森林类型的净初级生产力(NPP)统计

Table 3 Net primary production (NPP) and total NPP for different forest types in 2003

森林类型 Forest types	NPP平均值 Average value of NPP (g C·m^-2·a^-1)	NPP总量 Total NPP (g C·a^-1)
针叶林 Coniferous forest	413.1	1.8 × 10¹³
阔叶林 Broadleaved forest	382.8	3.3 × 10¹³
针阔混交林 Mixed forest	380.7	1.7 × 10¹³

图5 整合陆地生态系统碳收支(InTEC)模型模拟的1901-2008年净初级生产力(NPP)平均值。

Fig. 5 Average value of net primary production (NPP) simulated by Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem C-budget (InTEC) model from 1901 to 2008.

图6 东北林区净初级生产力(NPP)空间分布图。A, 1901年。B, 1950年。C, 2008年。

Fig. 6 Spatial distribution of net primary production (NPP) in Northeastern China. A, 1901. B, 1950. C, 2008.

图7 1966-2008年大兴安岭净初级生产力(NPP)平均值。

Fig. 7 Average value of net primary production (NPP) from1966 to 2008.

图8 北方生态系统生产力模型估算的净初级生产力与固定样地计算的NPP相关性。

Fig. 8 Correlation between net primary production (NPP) calculated by plot measurement and NPP simulated by Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model and calculated by plots.

图9 北方生态系统生产力模型估算的净初级生产力与中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的NPP产品相关性。

Fig. 9 Relationship between net primary production (NPP) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and NPP simulated by Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model.

图10 整合陆地生态系统碳收支模型估算的净初级生产力(NPP)与北方生态系统生产力模型估算的NPP相关性。

Fig. 10 Comparison of net primary production (NPP) estimated by Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem C-budget (InTEC) model and NPP simulated by Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model.

图11 整合陆地生态系统碳收支模型估算的净初级生产力(NPP)与固定样地计算的NPP相关性。

Fig. 11 Comparison of net primary production (NPP) estimated by Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem C-budget (InTEC ) model with NPP calculated by plots.

参考文献 24

[1]	Chen JM, Liu J, Cihlar J, Goulden MJ (1999). Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications.Ecological Modelling, 124, 99-119.
[2]	Chen J, Chen WJ, Liu J, Cihlar J, Gray S (2000a). Annual carbon balance of Canada’s forests during 1859-1996.Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, 839-849.
[3]	Chen MZ, Deng F, Chen MZ (2006). Locally adjusted cubic- spline capping for reconstructing seasonal trajectories of a satellite-derived surface parameter.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 44, 2230-2237.
[4]	Chen WJ, Chen J, Liu J, Cihlar J (2000b). Approaches for reducing uncertainties in regional forest carbon balance.Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, 827-838.
[5]	Deng F, Chen JM, Plummer S, Chen MZ, Pisek J (2006). Algorithm for global leaf area index retrieval using satellite imagery.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 44, 2219-2229.
[6]	Feng XF, Liu GH, Chen SP, Zhou WZ (2004). Study on process model of net primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems.Journal of Natural Resources, 19, 369-378.(in Chinese with English abstract)
	[冯险峰, 刘高焕, 陈述彭, 周文佐 (2004). 陆地生态系统净第一性生产力过程模型研究综述. 自然资源学报, 19, 369-378.]
[7]	Higuchi K, Shashkov A, Chan D, Chan D, Saigusa N, Murayama S, Yamamoto S, Kondo H, Chen J, Liu J, Chen B (2005). Simulations of seasonal and inter-annual variability of gross primary productivity at Takayama with BEPS ecosystem model.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 134, 143-150.
[8]	Huang L, Shao QQ, Liu JY (2012). Forest carbon sequestration and carbon sink/source in Jiangxi Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32, 3010-3020.(in Chinese with English abstract)
	[黄麟, 邵全琴, 刘纪远 (2012). 江西省森林碳蓄积过程及碳源/汇的时空格局. 生态学报, 32, 3010-3020.]
[9]	Ju WM, Chen JM, Harvey D, Wang S (2007). Future carbon balance of China’s forests under climate change and increasing CO2.Journal of Environment Management, 85, 538-562.
[10]	Lieth H, Whittaker RH (1975). Primary Productivity of the Biosphere. Springer-Verlag, New York.
[11]	Liu J, Chen JM, Cihlar J, Chen WJ (1999). Net primary productivity distribution in the boreas region from a process model using satellite and surface data.Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 27735-27754.
[12]	Mao XG (2011). Study on the Model of Northeast Forest Carbon Cycle at Daily Step and the Integrated Application of Remote Sensing. PhD dissertation, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin.(in Chinese)
	[毛学刚 (2011). 东北森林碳循环日步长模型与遥感综合应用研究. 博士学位论文, 东北林业大学, 哈尔滨.]
[13]	Michaletz ST, Cheng DL, Kerkhoff AJ, Enquist BJ (2014). Convergence of terrestrial plant production across global climate gradients.Nature, doi: 10.1038/nature13470.
[14]	Panasonic WJ, Yang CF, Chen J, Wang QX, Kameyama Z, Tamura M (2004). Accurate estimation of net primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystem at a regional scale.Acta Geographica Sinica, 59, 80-87.(in Chinese with English abstract)
	[松下文经, 杨翠芬, 陈晋, 王勤学, 龟山哲, 田村正行 (2004). 广域空间尺度上植被净初级生产力的精确推算. 地理学报, 59, 80-87.]
[15]	Ruimy A, Saugier B, Dedieu G (1994). Methodology for the estimation of terrestrial net primary production from remotely sensed data.Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 5263-5283.
[16]	Running SW, Coughlan JC (1988). A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications: 1. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes.Ecological Modelling, 42, 125-154.
[17]	Sun L, Zhang Y, Guo QX, Hu HQ (2009). Carbon emission and dynamic of NPP post forest fires in 1987 in Daxing’an Mountains.Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 45(12), 100-104.(in Chinese with English abstract)
	[孙龙, 张瑶, 国庆喜, 胡海清 (2009). 1987年大兴安岭林火碳释放及火后NPP恢复. 林业科学, 45(12), 100-104.]
[18]	Wang PJ, Xie DX, Zhang JH, Zhu QJ (2008). Sensitivity analysis for primary factors of the forest net primary productivity in Changbaishan Natural Reserve based on process model.Geographical Research, 27, 323-330.(in Chinese with English abstract)
	[王培娟, 谢东辉, 张佳华, 朱启疆 (2008). 长白山森林植被NPP主要影响因子的敏感性分析. 地理研究, 27, 323-330.]
[19]	Wang SQ, Chen JM, Ju WM, Feng XF, Chen MZ, Chen P, Yu G (2007). Carbon sinks and sources in China’s forests during 1901-2001.Journal of Environment Management, 85, 524-537.
[20]	Wei SJ (2013). Quantitative Evaluation Methods of Carbon Emissions from Forest Fires in Heilongjiang Province, China. PhD dissertation, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin.(in Chinese with English abstract)
	[魏书精 (2013). 黑龙江省森林火灾碳排放定量评价方法研究. 博士学位论文, 东北林业大学, 哈尔滨.]
[21]	Yu Y (2013). Based on InTEC Model to Research the Time and Space Distribution of Carbon Source/Sink of Northeastern Forest. PhD dissertation, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin.(in Chinese with English abstract)
	[于颖 (2013). 基于InTEC模型东北森林碳源/汇时空分布研究. 博士学位论文, 东北林业大学, 哈尔滨.]
[22]	Yu Y, Fan WY, Yang XG (2014). Estimation of Forest NPP in Xiaoxing’an Mountains in 1901-2008.Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 50(10), 16-23.(in Chinese with English abstract)
	[于颖, 范文义, 杨曦光 (2014). 1901-2008年小兴安岭森林NPP估算. 林业科学, 50(10), 16-23.]
[23]	Zhang FM, Chen JM, Pan YD, Birdsey RA, Shen SH, Ju WM, He LM (2012). Attributing carbon changes in conterminous U.S. forests to disturbance and non-disturbance factors from 1901 to 2010.Journal of Geographical Research, 117, doi: 10.1029/2011JG001930.
[24]	Zhou L, Wang SQ, Chen JM, Feng XF, Ju WM, Wu WX (2009). The spatial-temporal characteristics of evapotranspiration of China’s terrestrial ecosystems during 1991- 2000.Resources Science, 31, 962-972.(in Chinese with English abstract)
	[周蕾, 王绍强, 陈镜明, 冯险峰, 居为民, 伍卫星 (2009). 1991年至2000年中国陆地生态系统蒸散时空分布特征. 资源科学, 31, 962-972.]