气候变暖下大兴安岭落叶松径向生长对温度的响应

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0222

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大兴安岭是我国气候变暖的敏感地区。为比较在升温过程中不同地区落叶松(Larix gmelinii)径向生长对温度的响应差异, 在大兴安岭主脉南段、中段和北段进行树木年轮取样, 建立了各点年轮宽度年表, 根据年表第一主成分载荷系数分类最终合成南部、中部和北部各区年轮指数。利用相关函数分析了落叶松径向生长与温度变化的关系, 结合主成分分析对比了不同地区树木年轮宽度变化对温度的响应差异。结果表明: 落叶松径向生长对温度变化的响应呈现明显的南北差异(中部>北部>南部); 南部年轮指数与上年11月到当年4月的平均温度显著相关, 中部年轮指数与上年生长季(6-8月)和当年3-10月的平均温度显著负相关, 北部年轮指数与生长季前(4-5月)的平均温度极显著正相关。气候变暖背景下, 高温引起的区域暖干化使土壤水分成为限制落叶松径向生长的主要因子, 土壤干旱程度加剧使落叶松生长对温度变化的响应增强。胸高断面积增量指示的落叶松生产力经历了从响应低温胁迫到响应高温引起的水分胁迫的转变。未来几十年, 若温度持续升高, 大兴安岭地区落叶松径向生长量将呈南部和中部降低、北部升高的趋势。

关键词: 气候变暖, 大兴安岭, 落叶松, 年轮宽度, 径向生长, 温度变化, 敏感度

Abstract:

Aims The Da Hinggan Ling is amongst the areas in China susceptible to climate warming. The objective of this study is to determine the responses of radial growth to temperature variations in Larix gmelinii growing in different parts of the Da Hinggan Ling in the process of climate warming, by using dendrochronological techniques. Methods We collected tree-ring samples from the southern, the middle and the northern parts of the main Da Hinggan Ling, developed site-specific ring-width chronologies, and synthesized tree-ring indices of the southern, the middle and the northern parts of the study area according to the first principal component loading factors for each chronology. The relationships between radial growth in L. gmelinii and temperature variations were determined with correlation analysis, and the differences in the responses of radial growth to temperature variations among various parts were analyzed and compared with principle component analysis. Important findings There were notable discrepancies in the effects of temperature variations on radial growth in L. gmelinii between the southern and the northern parts of the study area (the middle part > the northern part > the southern part). In the southern part, the mean monthly temperature between the previous November and April of the current year had a significant relationship with tree-ring indices (p < 0.05). In the middle part, the mean monthly temperature during March and October of the current year had a significant relationship with tree-ring indices (p < 0.05), and so did the mean monthly temperature during June and August of the previous year (p < 0.05). The mean monthly temperature during April and May of the current year had a highly significant relationship with tree-ring indices in the northern part (p < 0.01). This study suggests that the warmer and drier regional climate condition caused by elevated temperature has resulted in that soil moisture becomes the main factor limiting the radial growth, and the relationship between tree growth and temperature variations signified with aggravated soil drought under climate warming. The productivity in L. gmelinii as reflected by basal area increment experienced a shift response from cold stress to water stress. In addition, the radial growth in L. gmelinii in the Da Hinggan Ling will likely to show a declining trend in the southern and the middle parts, and an increasing trend in the northern part, in response to rapid warming in the coming decades.

Key words: climate warming, the Da Hinggan Ling, Larix gmelinii, tree-ring width, radial growth, temperature variation, sensitivity

常永兴, 陈振举, 张先亮, 白学平, 赵学鹏, 李俊霞, 陆旭. 气候变暖下大兴安岭落叶松径向生长对温度的响应. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(3): 279-289. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0222

Yong-Xing CHANG, Zhen-Ju CHEN, Xian-Liang ZHANG, Xue-Ping BAI, Xue-Peng ZHAO, Jun-Xia LI, Xu LU. Responses of radial growth to temperature in Larix gmelinii of the Da Hinggan Ling under climate warming. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(3): 279-289. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0222

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0222

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2017/V41/I3/279

图/表 6

图1 研究区气象站和采样点分布位置。AEL, 阿尔山采样点; MHL, 漠河采样点; THL, 塔河采样点; TLH, 图里河采样点; YTL, 伊图里河采样点。

Fig. 1 Locations of sampling sites and meteorological stations in the study area. AEL, sampling site of Arxan; MHL, sampling site of Mohe; THL, sampling site of Tahe; TLH, sampling site of Tulihe; YTL, sampling site of Yitulihe.

图2 研究区月平均温度(曲线)和月降水量(柱形)。M, 大兴安岭主脉中段; N, 大兴安岭主脉北段; S, 大兴安岭主脉南段。

Fig. 2 Monthly mean temperature (curves) and monthly precipitation (bars) in the study area. M, middle section of the Da Hinggan Ling; N, northern section of the Da Hinggan Ling; S, southern section of the Da Hinggan Ling.

表1 落叶松年表统计特征

Table 1 Statistical characteristics in the Larix gmelinii chronologies

采样点 Sampling site		阿尔山 Arxan	图里河 Tulihe	伊图里河 Yitulihe	塔河 Tahe	漠河 Mohe
年表代号 Codes of chronologies		AEL	TLH	YTL	THL	MHL
样芯/树 Number of cores/sample trees		71/33	64/31	63/31	85/50	68/39
平均敏感度 Mean sensitivity		0.191	0.196	0.149	0.152	0.180
标准偏差 Standard deviation		0.226	0.230	0.163	0.195	0.206
样本总体代表性 Expressed population signal		0.957	0.976	0.928	0.964	0.974
信噪比 Signal to noise ratio		22.267	40.567	12.846	26.813	37.763
成分载荷矩阵 Component matrix	PC1 PC2	0.431 0.694	0.890 0.304	0.820 0.219	0.722 -0.525	0.668 -0.555

图3 区域平均温度(Tr)、伊万诺夫干湿指数(K值)、冻结指数(F值)、胸高断面积增量(BAI)的变化及其31年滑动趋势系数。A, 区域平均温度及其11年滑动平均值(11 Mov)。B, K值。C, F值。D, 落叶松胸高断面积增量。E、F、G、H分别为Tr、K值、F值、BAI的趋势变化。M, 大兴安岭主脉中段; N, 大兴安岭主脉北段; S, 大兴安岭主脉南段。

Fig. 3 Changes in the regional mean temperature (Tr), Mr Ivanov dry wet index (K value), freezing index (F value), the basal area increment (BAI) and their 31-year moving trend coefficients. A, Regional mean temperature and its 11-year moving mean (11 Mov). B, K value of various parts. C, F value of various parts. D, The basal area increment in Larix gmelinii in various parts. E, F, G and H presented the tendency coefficient of Tr, K value, F value and BAI. M, middle section of the Da Hinggan Ling; N, northern section of the Da Hinggan Ling; S, southern section of the Da Hinggan Ling.

图4 落叶松年轮宽度指数与温度的相关关系。A, 大兴安岭南部落叶松年轮宽度指数与温度的相关系数。B, 大兴安岭中部落叶松年轮宽度指数与温度的相关系数。 C, 大兴安岭北部落叶松年轮宽度指数与温度的相关系数。P6, 前一年的6月; P7, 前一年的7月; P8, 前一年的8月; P9, 前一年的9月; P10, 前一年的10月; P11, 前一年的11月; P12, 前一年的12月; BG, 生长季前; CG, 当年生长季; PA, 上年秋季; PG, 上年生长季; PW, 上年冬季; Tm, 月/季度平均温度; Tmax, 月/季度平均最高温度; Tmin, 月/季度平均最低温度。

Fig. 4 Correlations between tree-ring width index in Larix gmelinii and temperature. A, Correlation coefficients between tree-ring width index and temperature in the southern section of the Da Hinggan Ling. B, Correlation coefficients between tree-ring width index and temperature in the middle section of the Da Hinggan Ling. C, Correlation coefficients between tree-ring width index and temperature in the northern section of the Da Hinggan Ling. P6, last June; P7, last July; P8, last August; P9, last September; P10, last October; P11, last November; P12, last December; BG, pre-growth season; CG, current growth season; PA, last autumn; PG, last growth season; PW, last winter. Tm, mean temperature on a monthly and seasonal basis; Tmax, mean maximum temperature on a monthly and seasonal basis; Tmin, mean minimum temperature on a monthly and seasonal basis.

图5 落叶松年轮宽度指数对温度变化响应的稳定性。A, 大兴安岭南部落叶松年轮宽度指数与11-4月区域平均温度的31年滑动响应系数和11-4月区域平均温度的趋势系数随时间的变化。B, 大兴安岭中部落叶松年轮宽度指数与3-10月区域平均温度的31年滑动响应系数和3-10月区域平均温度的趋势系数随时间的变化。C, 大兴安岭北部落叶松年轮宽度指数与4-5月区域平均温度的31年滑动响应系数和4-5月区域平均温度趋势系数随时间的变化。柱形为31年滑动响应系数, 曲线为温度趋势系数。

Fig. 5 The climate response stabilities of tree-ring width index to temperature variations in Larix gmelinii. A, Temporal changes of 31-year moving response coefficient between tree-ring width index in L. gmelinii in the southern part of the Da Hinggan Ling and the regional mean temperature of November to April, together with the tendency coefficient of the regional mean temperature of November to April. B, Temporal changes of 31-year moving response coefficient between tree-ring width index in L. gmelinii in the middle part of the Da Hinggan Ling and the regional mean temperature of March to October, together with the tendency coefficient of the regional mean temperature of March to October. C, Temporal changes of 31-year moving response coefficient between tree-ring width index in L. gmelinii in the northern part of the Da Hinggan Ling and the regional mean temperature of April to May, together with the tendency coefficient of the regional mean temperature of April to May. Cylindrical bars represent the 31-year moving response coefficients, and the thick curves represented the thermal tendency coefficients.

参考文献 45

[1]	Alverson KD, Oldfield F, Bradley RS (2000). Past global changes and their significance for the future. Journal of Quaternary Science, 15, 657-658.
[2]	Andreu L, Gutierrez E, Macias M, Ribas M, Bosch O, Camarero JJ (2007). Climate increases regional tree- growth variability in Iberian pine forests. Global Change Biology, 13, 807-815.
[3]	Biondi F, Waikul K (2004). Dendroclim2002: A C++ program for statistical calibration of climate signals in tree-ring chronologies. Computers and Geosciences, 30, 303-311.
[4]	Branning A (1999). Dendroclimatological potential of drought- sensitive tree stands in southern Tibet for the reconstru¬ction of monsoonal activity. Lawa Journal, 20, 325-338.
[5]	Briffa KR, Schweingruber FH, Jones PD, Osborn TJ, Shiyatov SG, Vaganov EA (2010). Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes. Nature, 391, 678-682.
[6]	Bryukhanova M, Fonti P, Kirdyanov A, Saurer M, Siegwolf R, Pochebit N, Sidorova O, Prokushkin A (2013). Growth of trees on permafrost: Habitat driven response to climate. EGU General Assembly, 15, 469-473.
[7]	Chen ZJ, Zhang XL, He XY, Davi NK, Cui MX, Peng JJ (2013). Extension of summer (Jun.-August) temperature records for northern Inner Mongolia (1715-2008), China using tree rings. Quaternary International, 283, 21-29.
[8]	Cook ER (1985). A Time Series Analysis Approach to Tree Ring Standardization. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, USA.
[9]	Cook ER, Kairiukstis LA (1990). Methods of Dendrochro¬nology: Applications in the Environment Sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, USA.
[10]	Dai JB, Li EY (1981). Influence of snow cover to the ground temperature in the permafrost region in the northern part of the Great Xinan Mountain. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 3(1), 10-18. (in Chinese with English abstract)[戴竞波, 李恩英 (1981). 大兴安岭北部多年冻土地区雪盖对地温的影响. 冰川冻土, 3(1), 10-18.]
[11]	D’Arrigo R, Wilson R, Liepert B, Cherubini P (2008). On the “divergence problem” in northern forests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes. Global and Planetary Change, 60, 289-305.
[12]	Fang KY, Yang B, Zheng HZ, Li YJ, Zhou FF, Dong ZP, Cao CF, Li DW, Chen YJ (2015). Applying tree-ring methods in the global changes studies. Quaternary Sciences, 35, 1283-1893. (in Chinese with English abstract)[方克艳, 杨保, 郑怀舟, 李颖俊, 周非飞, 董志鹏, 曹春福, 李大稳, 陈亚君 (2015). 树轮学研究方法及其在全球变化中的应用. 第四纪研究, 35, 1283-1893.]
[13]	Fritts HC (1976). Tree Rings and Climate. Academic Press, New York.
[14]	Gao YG, Zhao HY, Gao F, Zhu HX, Qu HH, Zhao F (2016). Climate change trend in future and its influence on wetlands in the Great Khingan Mountains. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 38(1), 47-56. (in Chinese with English abstract)[高永刚, 赵慧颖, 高峰, 朱海霞, 曲辉辉, 赵放 (2016). 大兴安岭区域未来气候变化趋势及其对湿地的影响. 冰川冻土, 38(1), 47-56.]
[15]	Holmes RL (1983). Computer-assisted quality control in tree- ring dating and measurement. Tree-Ring Bulletin, 43, 69-78.
[16]	IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
[17]	Jacoby GC, D’Arrigo RD (1995). Tree ring width and density evidence of climatic and potential forest change in Alaska. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9, 227-234.
[18]	Kujansuu J, Yasue K, Koike T, Abaimov AP, Kajimoto M, Matsuura Y (2007). Climatic responses of tree-ring widths of Larix gmelinii on contrasting north-facing and south-facing slopes in central Siberia. Journal of Wood Science, 53, 87-93.
[19]	Li F, Zhou GS, Cao MC (2006). Responses of Larix gmelinii geographical distribution to future climate change: A simulation study. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 17, 2255-2260. (in Chinese with English abstract)[李峰, 周广胜, 曹铭昌 (2006). 兴安落叶松地理分布对气候变化响应的模拟. 应用生态学报, 17, 2255-2260.]
[20]	Li T, He XY, Chen ZJ (2014). Tree growth responses of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) to climate change in southern Northeast: A case study in Qianshan Mountains. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 25, 1841-1848. (in Chinese with English abstract)[李腾, 何兴元, 陈振举 (2014). 东北南部蒙古栎径向生长对气候变化的响应——以千山地区为例. 应用生态学报, 25, 1841-1848.]
[21]	Li XE (2012). The Chorography of Forestry Management Bureau of the Da Hinggan Range, Forest Industry Enterprise Group of Nei Mongol, China. Inner Mongolian Culture Press, Hulun Buir, Nei Mongol. (in Chinese)[李喜恩 (2012). 中国内蒙古森工集团内蒙古大兴安岭林管局志. 内蒙古文化出版社, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔.]
[22]	Linares JC, Tiscar PA (2010). Climate change impacts and vulnerability of the southern populations of Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii. Tree Physiology, 30, 795-806.
[23]	Liu HB, Shao XM (2003). Reconstruction of early-spring temperature of Qinling Mountains using tree-ring chronologies. Acta Geographica Sinica, 58, 879-884. (in Chinese with English abstract)[刘洪滨, 邵雪梅 (2003). 利用树轮重建秦岭地区历史时期初春温度变化. 地理学报, 58, 879-884.]
[24]	Liu YL, Zhu TW (2009). The Chorography of Mohe County. Heilongjiang People’s Publishing House, Harbin. (in Chinese)[刘艳玲, 朱天伟 (2009). 漠河县志. 黑龙江人民出版社, 哈尔滨.]
[25]	Lloyd AH, Fastie CL (2002). Spacial and temporal variability in the growth and climate response of treeline trees in Alaska. Climate Change, 52, 481-509.
[26]	Lü JJ, Li XZ, Hu YM, Wang XW, Sun J (2008). Application of frost number model in northeast China permafrost regionalization. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 19, 2271-2276. (in Chinese with English abstract)[吕久俊, 李秀珍, 胡远满, 王宪伟, 孙菊 (2008). 冻结数模型在中国东北多年冻土分区中的应用. 应用生态学报, 19, 2271-2276.]
[27]	Melvin TM, Briffa KR (2008). A “signal-free” approach to dendroclimatic standardisation. Dendrochronologia, 26, 71-86.
[28]	Nelson FE, Anisimov OA (1997). Permafrost zonation and climate change in the northern hemisphere: Results from transient general circulation models. Climate Change, 35, 241-258.
[29]	Oberhuber W (2004). Influence of climate on radial growth of Pinus cembra within the alpine timberline ecotone. Tree Physiology, 24, 291-301.
[30]	Sano M, Furuta F, Sweda T (2009). Tree-ring-width chronology of Larix gemelinii as an indicator of changes in early summer temperature in east-central Kamchatka. Journal of Forest Research, 14, 147-154.
[31]	Sugimoto A, Yanagisawa N, Naito D, Fujita N, Maximov TC (2002). Importance of permafrost as a source of water for plants in east Siberian taiga. Ecological Research, 17, 493-503.
[32]	Sun GY, YU SP, Wang HX (2007). Causes, south borderline and surbareas of permafrost in Da Hinggan Mountains and Xiao Hinggan Mountains. Acta Geographica Sinica, 27(1), 68-74. (in Chinese with English abstract)[孙广友, 于少鹏, 王海霞 (2007). 大小兴安岭多年冻土的主导成因及分布模式. 地理科学, 27(1), 68-74.]
[33]	Wang LL, Shao XM, Huang L, Liang EY (2005). Tree-ring characteristics of Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and their response to climate in Mohe, China. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 29, 380-385. (in Chinese with English abstract)[王丽丽, 邵雪梅, 黄磊, 梁尔源 (2005). 黑龙江漠河兴安落叶松与樟子松树轮生长特性及其对气候的响应. 植物生态学报, 29, 380-385.]
[34]	Wang SW, Ye JL (1995). A analysis of global warming during the last one hundred years. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 19, 545-553. (in Chinese with English abstract)[王绍武, 叶瑾琳 (1995). 近百年全球气候变暖的分析. 大气科学, 19, 545-553.]
[35]	Wang SW, Ye JL, Gong DY, Zhu JH, Yao CD (1998). Con¬struction of mean annual temperature series for the last one hundred years in China. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology, 9, 392-401. (in Chinese with English abstract)[王绍武, 叶瑾琳, 龚道溢, 朱锦红, 姚檀栋 (1998). 近百年中国年气温序列的建立. 应用气象学报, 9, 392-401.]
[36]	Wang XC, Zhang YD, Mcrae DJ (2009). Spatial and age- dependent tree-ring growth responses of Larix gmelinii to climate in northeastern China. Trees, 23, 875-885.
[37]	Wei J, Ma ZG (2003). Comparison of Palmer drought severity index, percentage of precipitation anomaly and surface humid index. Acta Geographica Sinica, 58, 117-124. (in Chinese with English abstract)[卫捷, 马柱国 (2003). Palmer干旱指数、地表湿润指数与降水距平的比较. 地理学报, 58, 117-124.]
[38]	Wu XC, Liu HY, Guo DL, Anenkhonov OA, Badmeava NK, Sandanov DV (2012). Growth decline linked to warming-induced limitation in Hemi-Boreal forests. PLOS ONE, 7, e42619. doi: 10.1371/j.pone.0042619.
[39]	Wu XD (1990). Tree-Rings and Climate Change. China Meteorological Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)[吴祥定 (1990). 树木年轮与气候变化. 气象出版社, 北京.]
[40]	Yang ZX, Zhou GS, Yin XJ, Jia BR (2014). Geographic distribution of Larix gmelinii natural forest in China and its climatic suitability. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 33, 1429-1436. (in Chinese with English abstract)[杨志香, 周广胜, 殷晓洁, 贾丙瑞 (2014). 中国兴安落叶松天然林地理分布及其气候适宜性. 生态学杂志, 33, 1429-1436.]
[41]	Yu DP, Wang SZ, Tang LN, Dai LM, Wang QL, Wang SX (2005). Relationship between tree-ring chronology of Larix olgensis in Changbai Mountains and the climate change. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 16, 14-20. (in Chinese with English abstract)[于大炮, 王顺忠, 唐立娜, 代力民, 王庆礼, 王绍先 (2005). 长白山北坡落叶松年轮年表及其与气候变化的关系. 应用生态学报, 16, 14-20.]
[42]	Yuan YJ, Li JF (1999). Reconstruction and analysis of 450 year’s winter temperature series in Ürümqi River source of Tianshan Mountains. Journal of Glaciology and Geocry¬ology, 21(1), 64-70. (in Chinese with English abstract)[袁玉江, 李江风 (1999). 天山乌鲁木齐河源450 a冬季温度序列的重建与分析. 冰川冻土, 21(1), 64-70.]
[43]	Zhang QB (1994). The responses of vegetation on northern part of Mt. Daxinganling to strongly enforced permafrost environment and environmental disturbances. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 16(2), 97-103. (in Chinese with English abstract)[张齐兵 (1994). 大兴安岭北部植被对高胁迫冻土环境及干扰的响应. 冰川冻土, 16(2), 97-103.]
[44]	Zhang XL, Zhang XL, Cui MX, Ma YJ, Wu T, Chen ZJ, Ding WH (2010). Larix gmelinii tree-ring width chronology and its response to climate change in Kuduer, Great Xing’an Mountains. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 2501-2507. (in Chinese with English abstract)[张先亮, 崔明星, 马艳军, 吴涛, 陈振举, 丁玮航 (2010). 大兴安岭库都尔地区兴安落叶松年轮宽度年表及其与气候变化的关系. 应用生态学报, 21, 2501-2507.]
[45]	Zhu B (2000). The Chorography of Tahe County. Zhonghua Book Company, Beijing. (in Chinese)[朱波 (2000). 塔河县志. 中华书局, 北京.]