近几十年来冀西北山地白桦次生林径向生长对气候变化的响应

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0253

植物生态学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (8): 919-931.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0253

近几十年来冀西北山地白桦次生林径向生长对气候变化的响应

李肖¹, PIALUANG Bounthong¹, 康文辉¹, 冀晓东¹, 张海江², 薛治国², 张志强¹^,^*()

¹北京林业大学水土保持学院, 山西吉县森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 北京 100083
²张家口市崇礼区林业和草原局, 河北张家口 076350

收稿日期:2021-07-06 接受日期:2021-11-15 出版日期:2022-08-20 发布日期:2022-08-20
通讯作者: 张志强
作者简介:*(zhqzhang@bjfu.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2017ZX07101002-002)

Responses of radial growth to climate change over the past decades in secondary Betula platyphylla forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China

LI Xiao¹, PIALUANG Bounthong¹, KANG Wen-Hui¹, JI Xiao-Dong¹, ZHANG Hai-Jiang², XUE Zhi-Guo², ZHANG Zhi-Qiang¹^,^*()

¹School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, CNERN, Beijing 100083, China
²Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Chongli District, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 076350, China

Received:2021-07-06 Accepted:2021-11-15 Online:2022-08-20 Published:2022-08-20
Contact: ZHANG Zhi-Qiang
Supported by:
Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China(2017ZX07101002-002)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究不同海拔高度天然次生林径向生长特征及其对气候变化的响应, 揭示影响山地树木径向生长的主要因子, 对于研究气候变化对温带森林生态系统适应性生长、演替和可持续经营的影响具有重要意义。该研究以冀西北山地次生林优势树种白桦(Betula platyphylla)为对象, 于研究区海拔1 350、1 550、1 750、1 950 m处分别设置样地, 采集样木树芯和圆盘, 运用树木年轮气候学方法建立白桦天然次生林标准年表, 并将年轮宽度指数与气候因子进行相关、多元逐步回归分析。主要结果: (1) 1960-2018年研究区气候呈变暖变干趋势, 其中1960-1989年为平稳期, 1989-2018年为快速期。(2)白桦次生林径向生长在1989年发生改变, 年轮宽度指数呈现“增长-下降”的“Λ”形生长趋势。(3)在气候变化平稳期, 白桦次生林径向生长在低海拔样地(B1350、B1550)与气温(平均气温、最高气温、最低气温)呈正相关关系, 在高海拔样地(B1750、B1950)与上年和当年生长季降水量呈显著正相关关系; 在气候变化快速期, 低海拔样地(B1350、B1550)白桦次生林径向生长与生长季气温、生长季潜在蒸散发(ET₀)呈负相关关系, 高海拔样地(B1750、B1950)白桦次生林径向生长与生长季及生长季末期ET₀呈负相关关系。 (4)在气候变化平稳期, 温度对B1350、B1550、B1750样地白桦次生林径向生长的贡献率分别为76%、54%、51%, 水分的贡献率为24%、46%、49%; 在气候变化快速期, 温度对B1350、B1550、B1750样地树木径向生长的贡献率分别为58%、41%、38%, 水分的贡献率为42%、59%、62%; 高海拔B1950样地树木生长始终受水分因子的控制。

关键词: 气候变化, 径向生长, 海拔, 天然次生林, 山地, 冀西北

Abstract:

Aims This study aims to determine the radial growth characteristics of natural secondary forests along an elevation gradient and their responses to climate change, and to identify the main factors affecting the radial growth of trees on mountain sites. The outcome of the study would be of great significance for understanding the impact of climate change on growth adaptation, succession and sustainable management in temperate forest ecosystems.

Methods Field plots were set up at 1 350, 1 550, 1 750, and 1 950 m above sea level in the study area to collect samples of wood cores and discs. Tree-ring climatology method was adopted to establish the standard chronology of Betula platyphylla in natural secondary forest, and the annual ring width index and climate factors were subjected to correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis.

Important findings From 1960 to 2018, climate in the study area showed a warming and drying trend, with 1960-1989 as a stable period and 1989-2018 as a period with rapid changes. A change occurred in the radial growth of B. platyphylla in 1989, with the annual ring width index displaying an “up-down” growth trend. During the stable period of climate change, the radial growth of B. platyphylla at the low-elevation sites (B1350, B1550) was positively correlated with temperature variables (i.e. average air temperature, maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature); whereas at the high-elevation sites (B1750, B1950), the growth was significantly and positively correlated with the precipitation of the previous year and during the growing season of current year. During the period of rapid climate change, the radial growth was negatively correlated with temperature and potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) during the growing season at the low-elevation sites (B1350, B1550), and negatively with ET₀ during the growing season and end of the growing season at the high-elevation sites (B1750, B1950). During the stable period of climate change, temperature explained 76%, 54%, and 51% of the variations in radial growth, and moisture explained 24%, 46%, and 49%, at the B1350, B1550, and B1750 sites, respectively. During the period of rapid climate change, temperature explained 58%, 41%, and 38% of the variations in radial growth, and moisture explained 42%, 59%, and 62%, at the B1350, B1550, and B1750 sites, respectively. The radial growth of trees at the high-elevation site B1950 was always controlled by the moisture during the study period.

Key words: climate change, radial growth, altitude, natural secondary forest, mountains, northwest Hebei

李肖, PIALUANG Bounthong, 康文辉, 冀晓东, 张海江, 薛治国, 张志强. 近几十年来冀西北山地白桦次生林径向生长对气候变化的响应. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(8): 919-931. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0253

LI Xiao, PIALUANG Bounthong, KANG Wen-Hui, JI Xiao-Dong, ZHANG Hai-Jiang, XUE Zhi-Guo, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang. Responses of radial growth to climate change over the past decades in secondary Betula platyphylla forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2022, 46(8): 919-931. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0253

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0253

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2022/V46/I8/919

图/表 9

表1 冀西北山地白桦次生林样地信息表

Table 1 Information on field sites of secondary Betula platyphylla forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China

样地 Site	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡向 Slope aspect	样芯数 Number of cores	平均胸径(平均值±标准差) Average DBH (mean ± SD) (cm)	平均树高(平均值±标准差) Average height (mean ± SD) (m)	序列时段 Period
B1350	1 350	阴 Shady	32	15.70 ± 3.76	11.09 ± 1.13	1980-2018
B1550	1 550	阴 Shady	30	21.60 ± 4.60	13.70 ± 1.49	1974-2018
B1750	1 750	阴 Shady	32	16.80 ± 3.30	11.70 ± 1.02	1978-2018
B1950	1 950	阴 Shady	30	19.10 ± 2.41	11.10 ± 1.99	1966-2018

图1 太子城河流域1960-2018年年平均气温(T)、年降水量(P)、标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)、潜在蒸散发(ET0)变化趋势。

Fig. 1 Temporal trend of annual average air temperature (T), annual precipitation (P), standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and potential evapotranspiration (ET0) of Taizicheng River Watershed during 1960-2018.

表2 冀西北山地白桦次生林标准年表统计参数

Table 2 Statistics of standard tree ring-width chronologies for Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China

样地 Site	公共区间 Common intervals	年平均生长速率 Mean annual growth rate (mm∙a^-1)	标准差 Standard deviation	序列间相关系数 Inter-series mean correlations (r)	平均敏感度 Mean sensitivity	信噪比 Signal to noise ratio	样本总体解释量 Expressed population signal	第一主成分解释量 Variance expressed by the first principal component
B1350	1980-2018	1.345	0.16	0.35	0.37	16.93	0.892	58.90
B1550	1980-2018	1.286	0.24	0.25	0.25	9.74	0.855	60.10
B1750	1980-2018	1.541	0.21	0.22	0.28	9.18	0.854	59.75
B1950	1980-2018	1.290	0.30	0.29	0.31	13.07	0.871	49.42

表3 冀西北山地白桦次生林标准年表的相关系数(r)

Table 3 Correlation coefficients (r) of standard chronologies for Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China

	B1350	B1550	B1750	B1950
B1350	1.000
B1550	0.354^*	1.000
B1750	0.237	0.445^**	1.000
B1950	0.218	0.194	0.464^**	1.000

图2 1980-1989年和1989-2018年4个海拔冀西北山地白桦次生林树木生长趋势。图中阴影表示各标准年表的标准差范围。样地B1350、B1550、B1750、B1950同表1。

Fig. 2 Tree growth trend of Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei during 1980-1989 and 1989-2018 at four elevations. Grey shadow indicates the standard deviation range of four chronologies. Site B1350, B1550, B1750 and B1950 see Table 1.

图3 1980-1989年(A-D)和1989-2018年(E-H)时段不同海拔的冀西北山地白桦次生林标准年表与逐月气候因子的相关系数(r)。p, 上年。ET0, 潜在蒸散发; P, 降水量; SPEI, 年标准化降水蒸散指数; T, 平均气温; Tmax, 最高气温; Tmin, 最低气温。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。

Fig. 3 Correlation coefficient (r) between monthly climatic factors and chronologies of Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei at different elevations during 1980-1989 (A-D) and 1989-2018 (E-H). p, previous year. ET0, potential evapotranspiration; P, precipitation; SPEI, standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index; T, average air temperature; Tmax, average maximum air temperature; Tmin, average minimum air temperature. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

表4 1980-1989和1989-2018年海拔梯度下冀西北山地白桦次生林标准年表与气象因子(上年/当年生长季、全年)相关分析表

Table 4 Correlation coefficient between climatic factors and standard chronologies of Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei at different elevations during 1980-1989 and 1989-2018

时段 Period	样地 Site	时间尺度 Time scale	T	T_max	T_min	P	SPEI	ET₀	SSD	K₅	GL
1980-1989	B1350	LGS	0.64^*	0.57	0.55	-0.02	-0.06	0.31	-	-	-
		GS	0.36	0.60	0.05	0.12	0.17	-0.50	-	-	-
		Y	0.48	0.51	0.43	0.01	-0.12	-0.12	0.48	0.35	0.37
	B1550	LGS	0.54	0.44	0.56	0.33	-0.35	0.16	-	-	-
		GS	0.44	0.64^*	-0.10	0.27	-0.19	-0.35	-	-	-
		Y	0.35	0.39	0.36	0.33	-0.42	-0.26	0.53	0.20	0.39
	B1750	LGS	0.50	0.30	0.67^*	0.21	-0.26	-0.27	-	-	-
		GS	0.18	0.32	-0.12	0.35	-0.21	-0.25	-	-	-
		Y	0.53	0.59	0.42	0.47	-0.53	-0.31	0.43	0.07	0.17
	B1950	LGS	0.60	0.61	0.46	0.15	0.12	0.15	-	-	-
		GS	0.04	0.36	0.23	0.11	-0.12	-0.35	-	-	-
		Y	0.24	0.25	0.23	0.25	-0.29	0.00	0.25	0.04	0.34
1989-2018	B1350	LGS	-0.34	-0.33	0.32	0.37^*	-0.35	-0.18	-	-	-
		GS	-0.27	-0.24	0.31	0.05	-0.09	-0.26	-	-	-
		Y	-0.35	-0.38^*	0.35	0.08	-0.16	-0.24	0.16	-0.31	0.03
	B1550	LGS	-0.26	-0.17	0.28	0.05	-0.36	-0.12	-	-	-
		GS	-0.27	-0.26	0.13	0.28	-0.29	-0.08	-	-	-
		Y	0.12	-0.03	0.21	0.32	-0.31	-0.06	0.08	-0.09	0.23
	B1750	LGS	-0.36	-0.36^*	0.43^*	0.12	-0.24	-0.12	-	-	-
		GS	-0.36	-0.43^*	0.29	0.34	-0.28	-0.22	-	-	-
		Y	-0.10	-0.20	0.04	0.33	-0.34	-0.18	0.23	-0.30	0.29
	B1950	LGS	-0.16	-0.13	0.22	0.23	-0.22	0.03	-	-	-
		GS	-0.17	-0.25	0.07	0.38^*	-0.22	-0.16	-	-	-
		Y	0.13	0.08	0.11	0.26	-0.21	-0.03	0.12	-0.02	0.29

表5 气候因子对冀西北山地白桦次生林径向生长的多元逐步回归统计

Table 5 Estimates of the multiple stepwise regression model for the effect of climate on the radial growth of Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China

时段 Period	海拔 Altitude (m)	回归模型 Multiple stepwise regression model
1980-1989	1 350	$\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1350}}=0.14{{T}_{\max \text{-L}10}}-0.08{{\text{P}}_{2}}+0.06{{T}_{\text{LGS}}}+0.06{{T}_{\max \text{-}10}}$	${{R}^{2}}=0.96, p<0.05$
	1 550	$\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1550}}=0.09{{T}_{\text{max-L}10}}-0.08\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{3}}$	${{R}^{2}}=0.82, p<0.05$
	1 750	$\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1750}}=0.13{{T}_{\text{min-LGS}}}-0.13\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{\text{L}6}}$	${{R}^{2}}=0.55, p<0.05$
	1 950	$\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1950}}=0.11{{\text{P}}_{\text{L}6}}-0.09\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{6}}$	${{R}^{2}}=0.69, p<0.05$
1989-2018	1 350	$\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1350}}=-0.36{{T}_{\text{max-}2}}-0.17{{\text{P}}_{\text{L}11}}-0.08\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-L}6}}+0.11{{\text{P}}_{\text{L}7}}-0.07\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-}4}}-0.23{{T}_{2}}$	${{R}^{2}}=0.57, p<0.05$
	1 550	$\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1550}}=0.12{{\text{P}}_{6}}-0.09{{T}_{\text{L}6}}$	${{R}^{2}}=0.44, p<0.01$
	1 750	$\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1750}}=-0.15\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-}4}}-0.08{{T}_{\text{max-}8}}-0.08{{T}_{\text{min-LGS}}}-0.07\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{4}}$	${{R}^{2}}=0.72, p<0.05$
	1 950	$\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1950}}=-0.09\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-}6}}-0.17\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{\text{L}8}}$	${{R}^{2}}=0.46, p<0.05$.

图4 回归模型中气候因子对冀西北山地白桦次生林径向生长的贡献率。A-D, 1980-1989年。E-H, 1989-2018年。红色代表温度因子, 绿色代表水分因子。样地B1350、B1550、B1750、B1950同表1。ET0-4、ET0-6, 当年4、6月潜在蒸散发; ET0-L6, 上年6月潜在蒸散发; P2、P6, 当年2、6月降水量; PL6、PL7、PL11, 上年6、7、11月降水量; SPEI3、SPEI4、SPEI6, 当年3、4、6月年标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI); SPEIL6、SPEIL8, 上年6、8月SPEI; T2, 当年2月平均气温; TL6, 上年6月平均气温; TLGS, 上年生长季平均气温; Tmax-2、Tmax-8, 当年2、8月最高气温; Tmax-L10, 上年10月最高气温; Tmin-10, 当年10月最低气温; Tmin-LGS, 上年生长季最低气温。

Fig. 4 Pie chart of contributions of climatic factors in explaining radial growth of Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei in optimized regression model at different elevations during 1980-1989 (A-D) and 1989-2018 (E-H). Red portion represents the factor of temperature, and green portion represents the factor of water. Site B1350, B1550, B1750 and B1950 see Table 1. ET0-4, ET0-6, the potential evapotranspiration in April, June, respectively; ET0-L6, the potential evapotranspiration in June of last year; P2, P6, the precipitation in February, June, respectively; PL6, PL7, PL11, the precipitation in June, July, November of last year, respectively; SPEI3, SPEI4, SPEI6, the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in March, April, June, respectively; SPEIL6, SPEIL8, the SPEI in June, August of last year; T2, the average air temperature in February; TL6, the average air temperature in June of last year; TLGS, the average air temperature in the growth season of last year; Tmax-2, Tmax-8, the highest air temperature in February, August; Tmax-L10, the highest air temperature in October of last year; Tmin-10, the lowest air temperature in October; Tmin-LGS, the lowest air temperature in the growth season of last year.

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近几十年来冀西北山地白桦次生林径向生长对气候变化的响应

Responses of radial growth to climate change over the past decades in secondary Betula platyphylla forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China

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