植物生态学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (8): 919-931.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0253
所属专题: 全球变化与生态系统
李肖1, PIALUANG Bounthong1, 康文辉1, 冀晓东1, 张海江2, 薛治国2, 张志强1,*()
收稿日期:
2021-07-06
接受日期:
2021-11-15
出版日期:
2022-08-20
发布日期:
2022-08-20
通讯作者:
张志强
作者简介:
*(zhqzhang@bjfu.edu.cn)基金资助:
LI Xiao1, PIALUANG Bounthong1, KANG Wen-Hui1, JI Xiao-Dong1, ZHANG Hai-Jiang2, XUE Zhi-Guo2, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang1,*()
Received:
2021-07-06
Accepted:
2021-11-15
Online:
2022-08-20
Published:
2022-08-20
Contact:
ZHANG Zhi-Qiang
Supported by:
摘要:
研究不同海拔高度天然次生林径向生长特征及其对气候变化的响应, 揭示影响山地树木径向生长的主要因子, 对于研究气候变化对温带森林生态系统适应性生长、演替和可持续经营的影响具有重要意义。该研究以冀西北山地次生林优势树种白桦(Betula platyphylla)为对象, 于研究区海拔1 350、1 550、1 750、1 950 m处分别设置样地, 采集样木树芯和圆盘, 运用树木年轮气候学方法建立白桦天然次生林标准年表, 并将年轮宽度指数与气候因子进行相关、多元逐步回归分析。主要结果: (1) 1960-2018年研究区气候呈变暖变干趋势, 其中1960-1989年为平稳期, 1989-2018年为快速期。(2)白桦次生林径向生长在1989年发生改变, 年轮宽度指数呈现“增长-下降”的“Λ”形生长趋势。(3)在气候变化平稳期, 白桦次生林径向生长在低海拔样地(B1350、B1550)与气温(平均气温、最高气温、最低气温)呈正相关关系, 在高海拔样地(B1750、B1950)与上年和当年生长季降水量呈显著正相关关系; 在气候变化快速期, 低海拔样地(B1350、B1550)白桦次生林径向生长与生长季气温、生长季潜在蒸散发(ET0)呈负相关关系, 高海拔样地(B1750、B1950)白桦次生林径向生长与生长季及生长季末期ET0呈负相关关系。 (4)在气候变化平稳期, 温度对B1350、B1550、B1750样地白桦次生林径向生长的贡献率分别为76%、54%、51%, 水分的贡献率为24%、46%、49%; 在气候变化快速期, 温度对B1350、B1550、B1750样地树木径向生长的贡献率分别为58%、41%、38%, 水分的贡献率为42%、59%、62%; 高海拔B1950样地树木生长始终受水分因子的控制。
李肖, PIALUANG Bounthong, 康文辉, 冀晓东, 张海江, 薛治国, 张志强. 近几十年来冀西北山地白桦次生林径向生长对气候变化的响应. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(8): 919-931. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0253
LI Xiao, PIALUANG Bounthong, KANG Wen-Hui, JI Xiao-Dong, ZHANG Hai-Jiang, XUE Zhi-Guo, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang. Responses of radial growth to climate change over the past decades in secondary Betula platyphylla forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2022, 46(8): 919-931. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0253
样地 Site | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 坡向 Slope aspect | 样芯数 Number of cores | 平均胸径(平均值±标准差) Average DBH (mean ± SD) (cm) | 平均树高(平均值±标准差) Average height (mean ± SD) (m) | 序列时段 Period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1350 | 1 350 | 阴 Shady | 32 | 15.70 ± 3.76 | 11.09 ± 1.13 | 1980-2018 |
B1550 | 1 550 | 阴 Shady | 30 | 21.60 ± 4.60 | 13.70 ± 1.49 | 1974-2018 |
B1750 | 1 750 | 阴 Shady | 32 | 16.80 ± 3.30 | 11.70 ± 1.02 | 1978-2018 |
B1950 | 1 950 | 阴 Shady | 30 | 19.10 ± 2.41 | 11.10 ± 1.99 | 1966-2018 |
表1 冀西北山地白桦次生林样地信息表
Table 1 Information on field sites of secondary Betula platyphylla forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China
样地 Site | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 坡向 Slope aspect | 样芯数 Number of cores | 平均胸径(平均值±标准差) Average DBH (mean ± SD) (cm) | 平均树高(平均值±标准差) Average height (mean ± SD) (m) | 序列时段 Period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1350 | 1 350 | 阴 Shady | 32 | 15.70 ± 3.76 | 11.09 ± 1.13 | 1980-2018 |
B1550 | 1 550 | 阴 Shady | 30 | 21.60 ± 4.60 | 13.70 ± 1.49 | 1974-2018 |
B1750 | 1 750 | 阴 Shady | 32 | 16.80 ± 3.30 | 11.70 ± 1.02 | 1978-2018 |
B1950 | 1 950 | 阴 Shady | 30 | 19.10 ± 2.41 | 11.10 ± 1.99 | 1966-2018 |
图1 太子城河流域1960-2018年年平均气温(T)、年降水量(P)、标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)、潜在蒸散发(ET0)变化趋势。
Fig. 1 Temporal trend of annual average air temperature (T), annual precipitation (P), standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and potential evapotranspiration (ET0) of Taizicheng River Watershed during 1960-2018.
样地 Site | 公共区间 Common intervals | 年平均生长速率 Mean annual growth rate (mm∙a-1) | 标准差 Standard deviation | 序列间相关系数 Inter-series mean correlations (r) | 平均敏感度 Mean sensitivity | 信噪比 Signal to noise ratio | 样本总体解释量 Expressed population signal | 第一主成分解释量 Variance expressed by the first principal component |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1350 | 1980-2018 | 1.345 | 0.16 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 16.93 | 0.892 | 58.90 |
B1550 | 1980-2018 | 1.286 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 9.74 | 0.855 | 60.10 |
B1750 | 1980-2018 | 1.541 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 9.18 | 0.854 | 59.75 |
B1950 | 1980-2018 | 1.290 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 13.07 | 0.871 | 49.42 |
表2 冀西北山地白桦次生林标准年表统计参数
Table 2 Statistics of standard tree ring-width chronologies for Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China
样地 Site | 公共区间 Common intervals | 年平均生长速率 Mean annual growth rate (mm∙a-1) | 标准差 Standard deviation | 序列间相关系数 Inter-series mean correlations (r) | 平均敏感度 Mean sensitivity | 信噪比 Signal to noise ratio | 样本总体解释量 Expressed population signal | 第一主成分解释量 Variance expressed by the first principal component |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1350 | 1980-2018 | 1.345 | 0.16 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 16.93 | 0.892 | 58.90 |
B1550 | 1980-2018 | 1.286 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 9.74 | 0.855 | 60.10 |
B1750 | 1980-2018 | 1.541 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 9.18 | 0.854 | 59.75 |
B1950 | 1980-2018 | 1.290 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 13.07 | 0.871 | 49.42 |
B1350 | B1550 | B1750 | B1950 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
B1350 | 1.000 | |||
B1550 | 0.354* | 1.000 | ||
B1750 | 0.237 | 0.445** | 1.000 | |
B1950 | 0.218 | 0.194 | 0.464** | 1.000 |
表3 冀西北山地白桦次生林标准年表的相关系数(r)
Table 3 Correlation coefficients (r) of standard chronologies for Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China
B1350 | B1550 | B1750 | B1950 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
B1350 | 1.000 | |||
B1550 | 0.354* | 1.000 | ||
B1750 | 0.237 | 0.445** | 1.000 | |
B1950 | 0.218 | 0.194 | 0.464** | 1.000 |
图2 1980-1989年和1989-2018年4个海拔冀西北山地白桦次生林树木生长趋势。图中阴影表示各标准年表的标准差范围。样地B1350、B1550、B1750、B1950同表1。
Fig. 2 Tree growth trend of Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei during 1980-1989 and 1989-2018 at four elevations. Grey shadow indicates the standard deviation range of four chronologies. Site B1350, B1550, B1750 and B1950 see Table 1.
图3 1980-1989年(A-D)和1989-2018年(E-H)时段不同海拔的冀西北山地白桦次生林标准年表与逐月气候因子的相关系数(r)。p, 上年。ET0, 潜在蒸散发; P, 降水量; SPEI, 年标准化降水蒸散指数; T, 平均气温; Tmax, 最高气温; Tmin, 最低气温。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。
Fig. 3 Correlation coefficient (r) between monthly climatic factors and chronologies of Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei at different elevations during 1980-1989 (A-D) and 1989-2018 (E-H). p, previous year. ET0, potential evapotranspiration; P, precipitation; SPEI, standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index; T, average air temperature; Tmax, average maximum air temperature; Tmin, average minimum air temperature. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.
时段 Period | 样地 Site | 时间尺度 Time scale | T | Tmax | Tmin | P | SPEI | ET0 | SSD | K5 | GL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980-1989 | B1350 | LGS | 0.64* | 0.57 | 0.55 | -0.02 | -0.06 | 0.31 | - | - | - |
GS | 0.36 | 0.60 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.17 | -0.50 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.01 | -0.12 | -0.12 | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.37 | ||
B1550 | LGS | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 0.33 | -0.35 | 0.16 | - | - | - | |
GS | 0.44 | 0.64* | -0.10 | 0.27 | -0.19 | -0.35 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.33 | -0.42 | -0.26 | 0.53 | 0.20 | 0.39 | ||
B1750 | LGS | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.67* | 0.21 | -0.26 | -0.27 | - | - | - | |
GS | 0.18 | 0.32 | -0.12 | 0.35 | -0.21 | -0.25 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.42 | 0.47 | -0.53 | -0.31 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.17 | ||
B1950 | LGS | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.15 | - | - | - | |
GS | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.11 | -0.12 | -0.35 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.25 | -0.29 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.34 | ||
1989-2018 | B1350 | LGS | -0.34 | -0.33 | 0.32 | 0.37* | -0.35 | -0.18 | - | - | - |
GS | -0.27 | -0.24 | 0.31 | 0.05 | -0.09 | -0.26 | - | - | - | ||
Y | -0.35 | -0.38* | 0.35 | 0.08 | -0.16 | -0.24 | 0.16 | -0.31 | 0.03 | ||
B1550 | LGS | -0.26 | -0.17 | 0.28 | 0.05 | -0.36 | -0.12 | - | - | - | |
GS | -0.27 | -0.26 | 0.13 | 0.28 | -0.29 | -0.08 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.12 | -0.03 | 0.21 | 0.32 | -0.31 | -0.06 | 0.08 | -0.09 | 0.23 | ||
B1750 | LGS | -0.36 | -0.36* | 0.43* | 0.12 | -0.24 | -0.12 | - | - | - | |
GS | -0.36 | -0.43* | 0.29 | 0.34 | -0.28 | -0.22 | - | - | - | ||
Y | -0.10 | -0.20 | 0.04 | 0.33 | -0.34 | -0.18 | 0.23 | -0.30 | 0.29 | ||
B1950 | LGS | -0.16 | -0.13 | 0.22 | 0.23 | -0.22 | 0.03 | - | - | - | |
GS | -0.17 | -0.25 | 0.07 | 0.38* | -0.22 | -0.16 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.26 | -0.21 | -0.03 | 0.12 | -0.02 | 0.29 |
表4 1980-1989和1989-2018年海拔梯度下冀西北山地白桦次生林标准年表与气象因子(上年/当年生长季、全年)相关分析表
Table 4 Correlation coefficient between climatic factors and standard chronologies of Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei at different elevations during 1980-1989 and 1989-2018
时段 Period | 样地 Site | 时间尺度 Time scale | T | Tmax | Tmin | P | SPEI | ET0 | SSD | K5 | GL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980-1989 | B1350 | LGS | 0.64* | 0.57 | 0.55 | -0.02 | -0.06 | 0.31 | - | - | - |
GS | 0.36 | 0.60 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.17 | -0.50 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.01 | -0.12 | -0.12 | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.37 | ||
B1550 | LGS | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 0.33 | -0.35 | 0.16 | - | - | - | |
GS | 0.44 | 0.64* | -0.10 | 0.27 | -0.19 | -0.35 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.33 | -0.42 | -0.26 | 0.53 | 0.20 | 0.39 | ||
B1750 | LGS | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.67* | 0.21 | -0.26 | -0.27 | - | - | - | |
GS | 0.18 | 0.32 | -0.12 | 0.35 | -0.21 | -0.25 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.42 | 0.47 | -0.53 | -0.31 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.17 | ||
B1950 | LGS | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.15 | - | - | - | |
GS | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.11 | -0.12 | -0.35 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.25 | -0.29 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.34 | ||
1989-2018 | B1350 | LGS | -0.34 | -0.33 | 0.32 | 0.37* | -0.35 | -0.18 | - | - | - |
GS | -0.27 | -0.24 | 0.31 | 0.05 | -0.09 | -0.26 | - | - | - | ||
Y | -0.35 | -0.38* | 0.35 | 0.08 | -0.16 | -0.24 | 0.16 | -0.31 | 0.03 | ||
B1550 | LGS | -0.26 | -0.17 | 0.28 | 0.05 | -0.36 | -0.12 | - | - | - | |
GS | -0.27 | -0.26 | 0.13 | 0.28 | -0.29 | -0.08 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.12 | -0.03 | 0.21 | 0.32 | -0.31 | -0.06 | 0.08 | -0.09 | 0.23 | ||
B1750 | LGS | -0.36 | -0.36* | 0.43* | 0.12 | -0.24 | -0.12 | - | - | - | |
GS | -0.36 | -0.43* | 0.29 | 0.34 | -0.28 | -0.22 | - | - | - | ||
Y | -0.10 | -0.20 | 0.04 | 0.33 | -0.34 | -0.18 | 0.23 | -0.30 | 0.29 | ||
B1950 | LGS | -0.16 | -0.13 | 0.22 | 0.23 | -0.22 | 0.03 | - | - | - | |
GS | -0.17 | -0.25 | 0.07 | 0.38* | -0.22 | -0.16 | - | - | - | ||
Y | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.26 | -0.21 | -0.03 | 0.12 | -0.02 | 0.29 |
时段 Period | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 回归模型 Multiple stepwise regression model | |
---|---|---|---|
1980-1989 | 1 350 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1350}}=0.14{{T}_{\max \text{-L}10}}-0.08{{\text{P}}_{2}}+0.06{{T}_{\text{LGS}}}+0.06{{T}_{\max \text{-}10}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.96, p<0.05$ |
1 550 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1550}}=0.09{{T}_{\text{max-L}10}}-0.08\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{3}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.82, p<0.05$ | |
1 750 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1750}}=0.13{{T}_{\text{min-LGS}}}-0.13\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{\text{L}6}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.55, p<0.05$ | |
1 950 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1950}}=0.11{{\text{P}}_{\text{L}6}}-0.09\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{6}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.69, p<0.05$ | |
1989-2018 | 1 350 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1350}}=-0.36{{T}_{\text{max-}2}}-0.17{{\text{P}}_{\text{L}11}}-0.08\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-L}6}}+0.11{{\text{P}}_{\text{L}7}}-0.07\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-}4}}-0.23{{T}_{2}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.57, p<0.05$ |
1 550 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1550}}=0.12{{\text{P}}_{6}}-0.09{{T}_{\text{L}6}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.44, p<0.01$ | |
1 750 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1750}}=-0.15\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-}4}}-0.08{{T}_{\text{max-}8}}-0.08{{T}_{\text{min-LGS}}}-0.07\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{4}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.72, p<0.05$ | |
1 950 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1950}}=-0.09\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-}6}}-0.17\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{\text{L}8}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.46, p<0.05$. |
表5 气候因子对冀西北山地白桦次生林径向生长的多元逐步回归统计
Table 5 Estimates of the multiple stepwise regression model for the effect of climate on the radial growth of Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei, China
时段 Period | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 回归模型 Multiple stepwise regression model | |
---|---|---|---|
1980-1989 | 1 350 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1350}}=0.14{{T}_{\max \text{-L}10}}-0.08{{\text{P}}_{2}}+0.06{{T}_{\text{LGS}}}+0.06{{T}_{\max \text{-}10}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.96, p<0.05$ |
1 550 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1550}}=0.09{{T}_{\text{max-L}10}}-0.08\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{3}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.82, p<0.05$ | |
1 750 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1750}}=0.13{{T}_{\text{min-LGS}}}-0.13\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{\text{L}6}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.55, p<0.05$ | |
1 950 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1950}}=0.11{{\text{P}}_{\text{L}6}}-0.09\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{6}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.69, p<0.05$ | |
1989-2018 | 1 350 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1350}}=-0.36{{T}_{\text{max-}2}}-0.17{{\text{P}}_{\text{L}11}}-0.08\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-L}6}}+0.11{{\text{P}}_{\text{L}7}}-0.07\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-}4}}-0.23{{T}_{2}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.57, p<0.05$ |
1 550 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1550}}=0.12{{\text{P}}_{6}}-0.09{{T}_{\text{L}6}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.44, p<0.01$ | |
1 750 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1750}}=-0.15\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-}4}}-0.08{{T}_{\text{max-}8}}-0.08{{T}_{\text{min-LGS}}}-0.07\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{4}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.72, p<0.05$ | |
1 950 | $\text{RW}{{\text{I}}_{1950}}=-0.09\text{E}{{\text{T}}_{0\text{-}6}}-0.17\text{SPE}{{\text{I}}_{\text{L}8}}$ | ${{R}^{2}}=0.46, p<0.05$. |
图4 回归模型中气候因子对冀西北山地白桦次生林径向生长的贡献率。A-D, 1980-1989年。E-H, 1989-2018年。红色代表温度因子, 绿色代表水分因子。样地B1350、B1550、B1750、B1950同表1。ET0-4、ET0-6, 当年4、6月潜在蒸散发; ET0-L6, 上年6月潜在蒸散发; P2、P6, 当年2、6月降水量; PL6、PL7、PL11, 上年6、7、11月降水量; SPEI3、SPEI4、SPEI6, 当年3、4、6月年标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI); SPEIL6、SPEIL8, 上年6、8月SPEI; T2, 当年2月平均气温; TL6, 上年6月平均气温; TLGS, 上年生长季平均气温; Tmax-2、Tmax-8, 当年2、8月最高气温; Tmax-L10, 上年10月最高气温; Tmin-10, 当年10月最低气温; Tmin-LGS, 上年生长季最低气温。
Fig. 4 Pie chart of contributions of climatic factors in explaining radial growth of Betula platyphylla in secondary forests in the mountains of northwest Hebei in optimized regression model at different elevations during 1980-1989 (A-D) and 1989-2018 (E-H). Red portion represents the factor of temperature, and green portion represents the factor of water. Site B1350, B1550, B1750 and B1950 see Table 1. ET0-4, ET0-6, the potential evapotranspiration in April, June, respectively; ET0-L6, the potential evapotranspiration in June of last year; P2, P6, the precipitation in February, June, respectively; PL6, PL7, PL11, the precipitation in June, July, November of last year, respectively; SPEI3, SPEI4, SPEI6, the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in March, April, June, respectively; SPEIL6, SPEIL8, the SPEI in June, August of last year; T2, the average air temperature in February; TL6, the average air temperature in June of last year; TLGS, the average air temperature in the growth season of last year; Tmax-2, Tmax-8, the highest air temperature in February, August; Tmax-L10, the highest air temperature in October of last year; Tmin-10, the lowest air temperature in October; Tmin-LGS, the lowest air temperature in the growth season of last year.
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