辽东山区不同坡向长白落叶松人工林树冠特征与林木生长关系

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0390

植物生态学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (11): 1523-1539.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0390

辽东山区不同坡向长白落叶松人工林树冠特征与林木生长关系

和璐璐¹, 张萱¹, 章毓文¹, 王晓霞¹, 刘亚栋¹, 刘岩¹, 范子莹¹, 何远洋², 席本野¹, 段劼¹^,^**()

¹北京林业大学林学院, 北京 100083
²重庆市林业局, 重庆 401147

收稿日期:2022-10-07 接受日期:2023-02-24 出版日期:2023-11-20 发布日期:2023-12-22
通讯作者: **段劼(duanjie@bjfu.edu.cn)
作者简介:第一联系人：^*同等贡献
基金资助:
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2021ZY18);林业科学技术推广项目(2011-44)

Crown characteristics and its relationship with tree growth on different slope aspects for Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area, China

HE Lu-Lu¹, ZHANG Xuan¹, ZHANG Yu-Wen¹, WANG Xiao-Xia¹, LIU Ya-Dong¹, LIU Yan¹, FAN Zi-Ying¹, HE Yuan-Yang², XI Ben-Ye¹, DUAN Jie¹^,^**()

¹College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
²Chongqing Forestry Bureau, Chongqing 401147, China

Received:2022-10-07 Accepted:2023-02-24 Online:2023-11-20 Published:2023-12-22
Contact: **DUAN Jie(duanjie@bjfu.edu.cn)
About author:First author contact:^*Contributed equally to this work
Supported by:
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021ZY18);Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Project(2011-44)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

树冠是林木形成碳水化合物和生产力的重要场所, 摸清林木与树冠生长的特征及其对环境的响应对理解植物环境适应性具有重要意义。该研究以辽东地区60块长白落叶松(Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis)人工林样地为研究对象, 对阴坡、阳坡两个坡向和3个林龄阶段(15-16 a、23-26 a、49-56 a)的林木和树冠生长进行了研究, 其中树冠生长指标包含了客观指标、主观指标和复合指标3种类型。研究结果表明: (1)各林龄阶段不同坡向林分平均胸径、平均树高、平均材积、平均相对优势木高无显著差异, 达成熟林时阳坡林分胸径分化程度显著高于阴坡。(2)综合分析3类树冠指标发现树冠受坡向影响, 表现出不同的生长适应策略。阳坡林木平均树冠长度、平均冠幅小, 林内冠层均一, 树冠体量小, 树冠生产效率较高; 阴坡林木平均树冠长度和平均冠幅较大, 林内超出主林层优势木多, 树冠体量大, 树冠生产效率较低。(3)除林分平均高径比外, 树冠客观指标均与生长指标呈正相关关系, 阳坡林木树冠随林龄增大对材积的贡献率减小, 体现在树冠长度、树冠率与生长指标呈极显著负相关关系, 阴坡林木树冠位置和圆满度是促进林木生长的主要因素。(4)树冠客观指标与各器官生物量均呈极显著正相关关系, 受光率、树冠表面积、树冠体积在各坡向均与林木生物量呈显著正相关关系, 顶梢枯死率均与各坡向林木生物量呈负相关关系, 阳坡林木树冠透光度、冠径比和树冠率增加, 则林木生物量下降, 阴坡林木树冠位置升高、圆满度增加会促进生物量积累。(5)相比所有生长指标和树冠指标, 树冠表面积对各器官生物量积累的解释效果最好。以上结果表明, 长白落叶松人工用材林树冠生长会显著促进林木生长, 但树冠生长与林木生长存在权衡关系, 并会随坡向发生改变。

关键词: 树冠, 坡向, 长白落叶松, 生物量, 权衡关系, 环境适应性

Abstract:

Aims Tree crown plays vital roles in carbohydrate accumulation and productivity formation, clarifying the variation pattern of tree growth and crown development, as well as their responses to the growing environment such as slope aspects, can help us to understand the adaption strategies of trees.

Methods In this study, Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis from 60 sites in east Liaoning were selected, and the responses of tree growth and crown development to different slope aspects (shady or sunny slope) and age classes (15-16 a, 23-26 a, 49-56 a) were analyzed. The three types of crown indicators, including objective indicators, subjective indicators, and composite indicators, were used to analyze the crown development in this study.

Important findings The results showed that: (1) No significant difference was found in diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), wood volume, and relative dominant tree height among age classes. In comparison, the differentiation of DBH on the sunny slopes was significantly higher than that on the shady slopes in the mature age class. (2) By the comprehensive analysis of the three types of crown indicators, the crown exhibited distinct growth adaptation strategies but depending on slope aspects. Tree growing on the sunny slopes generally showed small crown length and width with uniform crown layer and high crown production efficiency. By contrast, tree growing on the shady slopes showed large crown length and width with large crown volume and low crown production efficiency. (3) Except for the ratio of H to DBH, all objective crown indicators were positively correlated to growth indicators. On the sunny slopes, the contribution of the crown to wood volume decreased with stand age, which could be proved by the significant negative correlation between crown length, crown ratio, and growth indicators. In addition, the crown position and crown fullness ratio were also the main factors that promoted stand growth at the shady slopes. (4) All the objective indicators were positively correlated to the biomass of each organ. On both slope aspects, whole tree biomass was positively correlated to crown light exposure, crown surface area, and crown volume, but negatively correlated to crown dieback. On the sunny slopes, whole tree biomass decreased with the increase of foliage transparency, ratio of crown density to DBH, and crown ratio, while on the shady slopes, biomass increased with higher crown position and crown fullness ratio. (5) Among all indicators, crown surface area showed the best indicator for explaining the biomass of each organ in this study. Overall, better crown development could significantly promote tree growth on Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation, but the trade-off between crown development and tree growth that varies with slope aspects should be considered in such stand management.

Key words: tree crown, slope aspect, Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis, biomass, trade-off, environmental adaptation

和璐璐, 张萱, 章毓文, 王晓霞, 刘亚栋, 刘岩, 范子莹, 何远洋, 席本野, 段劼. 辽东山区不同坡向长白落叶松人工林树冠特征与林木生长关系. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(11): 1523-1539. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0390

HE Lu-Lu, ZHANG Xuan, ZHANG Yu-Wen, WANG Xiao-Xia, LIU Ya-Dong, LIU Yan, FAN Zi-Ying, HE Yuan-Yang, XI Ben-Ye, DUAN Jie. Crown characteristics and its relationship with tree growth on different slope aspects for Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2023, 47(11): 1523-1539. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0390

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2023/V47/I11/1523

图/表 11

表1 辽东山区长白落叶松人工林样地信息(平均值±标准误)

Table 1 Information on sampling plots for Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area (mean ± SE)

坡向 Slope aspect	龄级 Age class	样地数量 No. of plots	林龄 Age (a)	胸径 Diameter at breast height (cm)	树高 Tree height (m)	林分密度 Tree density (tree·hm^-2)
阴坡 Shady slope	幼龄林 Young forests	10	16	10.789 ± 0.228	12.602 ± 0.209	2 312.5 ± 173.375
	中龄林 Middle-age forests	10	25	14.834 ± 0.373	16.826 ± 0.338	1 020 ± 71.095
	成熟林 Mature forests	10	52	25.605 ± 0.877	23.249 ± 0.340	482.5 ± 29.592
阳坡 Sunny slope	幼龄林 Young forests	10	16	11.342 ± 0.133	12.296 ± 0.242	2 285 ± 116.142
	中龄林 Middle-age forests	10	25	15.369 ± 0.381	17.261 ± 0.369	1 252.5 ± 69.766
	成熟林 Mature forests	10	52	25.981 ± 0.595	23.347 ± 0.364	387.5 ± 19.454

表2 辽东山区长白落叶松树冠指标信息表

Table 2 Information on crown indicators for Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis in eastern Liaoning mountainous area

树冠指标类型 Type of crown indicator	指标名称 Indicator name	定义, 测量或计算方法 Description and measuring method
客观指标 Objective indicator	冠幅 Crown width (CW, m)	树冠的垂直投影宽度, 一般分为东西、南北冠幅, 用皮尺测量, 取平均值作为被测木冠幅, 精确到0.1 m The vertical projection width of tree crown, the crown width in the east-west and north-south directions are measured with a tape measure, and their average value are taken as the crown width, accurate to 0.1 m
	树冠长度 Crown length (CL, m)	树冠底部到顶部的垂直长度, 其值等于树高减去活枝下高, 用测高仪测量, 精确到0.1 m The vertical length from the base to the top of the crown, equal to the tree height minus the height of the lowest living branch, measured with an altimeter, accurate to 0.1 m
	枝下高 Under branch height (HU, m)	树冠底部到地面的垂直长度, 用激光测距仪测定, 精确到0.1 m The vertical distance from the ground to the crown base, measured with a laser range finder, accurate to 0.1 m
主观指标 Subjective indicator	树冠位置 Crown position (CP)	林木树冠在林内冠层的相对位置, 1-4级依次定义为活树冠顶部高出2倍林分冠层的高度、活树冠顶部高出林冠层高度的1/2、活树冠层低于林冠层高度的1/2、孤立木 The vertical position of a tree relative to the forest stand, grades 1 to 4 were defined as the live crown top must be at least twice the height of the top of the overstory canopy zone, the live crown top is above the middle of the overstory canopy zone, the live crown top is at or below the middle of the overstory canopy zone, and the individual trees, respectively
	树冠受光率 Crown light exposure (CLE)	太阳照射树冠时, 树冠能接收到直射光照的数量, 将树冠垂直划分为4个侧面和1个顶部共5个受光面, 观察5个面的受光情况, 并将其由低到高划分为0-5共6级 Trees are rated based on the amount of light received with the sun directly overhead, the value is assigned by dividing the tree crown into five segments: four vertical sides and the top, the number of segments receiving light is then counted, resulting in a value that ranges from 0 to 5
	树冠顶梢枯死率 Crown dieback (CDBK, %)	树冠顶梢枯死面积占活树冠面积的百分比, 按每5%为一个单位 The percentage ot the area of the treetop dieback to the whole living crown, and is recorded in five-percent classes
	树冠叶透光度 Foliage transparency (FT, %)	透过活冠部分可见的天空百分比, 仅通过活冠部分的树叶判断, 枯枝和死枝不包括在内, 按每5%作为一个单位划分 The amount of skylight on a percent basis that is visible through the live part of the crown, dead branches are excluded from the estimate, and is recorded in five-percent classes
	树冠密度 Crown density (CD, %)	树冠枝条、叶片和其他组织阻挡可见光穿过树冠的数量, 按每5%作为一个单位划分 The percentage of light blocked by branches, foliage, and other structures, and is recorded in five-percent classes
复合指标 Composite indicator	冠径比 Ratio of CW to DBH (RCD, %)	冠幅与胸径的比值 Ratio of crown width to diameter at breast height
	树冠率 Crown ratio (CR, %)	树高和活枝下高的差值与树高的比值 Ratio of crown length to tree height
	树冠圆满度 Crown fullness ratio (CFR)	冠幅与树冠长度的比值 Ratio of crown width to crown length
	树冠表面积 Composite crown surface area (CCSA, m²)	$\text{CCSA}=\frac{4\text{ }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }\cdot \text{CL}}{3{{R}^{2}}}\left[ {{\left( {{R}^{2}}+\frac{{{R}^{4}}}{4\text{C}{{\text{L}}^{2}}} \right)}^{1.5}}-{{\left( \frac{{{R}^{4}}}{4\text{C}{{\text{L}}^{2}}} \right)}^{1.5}} \right]\text{CD,}$R为树冠半径 R, crown radius
	树冠体积 Composite crown volume (CCV, m³)	$\text{CCV}=0.5\text{ }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }\cdot {{R}^{2}}\cdot \text{CL}\cdot \text{CD}$.
	树冠生产率 Crown production efficiency (CEFF, m^-1)	CEFF = CCSA/CCV

表2 辽东山区长白落叶松树冠指标信息表

Table 2 Information on crown indicators for Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis in eastern Liaoning mountainous area

树冠指标类型 Type of crown indicator	指标名称 Indicator name	定义, 测量或计算方法 Description and measuring method
客观指标 Objective indicator	冠幅 Crown width (CW, m)	树冠的垂直投影宽度, 一般分为东西、南北冠幅, 用皮尺测量, 取平均值作为被测木冠幅, 精确到0.1 m The vertical projection width of tree crown, the crown width in the east-west and north-south directions are measured with a tape measure, and their average value are taken as the crown width, accurate to 0.1 m
	树冠长度 Crown length (CL, m)	树冠底部到顶部的垂直长度, 其值等于树高减去活枝下高, 用测高仪测量, 精确到0.1 m The vertical length from the base to the top of the crown, equal to the tree height minus the height of the lowest living branch, measured with an altimeter, accurate to 0.1 m
	枝下高 Under branch height (HU, m)	树冠底部到地面的垂直长度, 用激光测距仪测定, 精确到0.1 m The vertical distance from the ground to the crown base, measured with a laser range finder, accurate to 0.1 m
主观指标 Subjective indicator	树冠位置 Crown position (CP)	林木树冠在林内冠层的相对位置, 1-4级依次定义为活树冠顶部高出2倍林分冠层的高度、活树冠顶部高出林冠层高度的1/2、活树冠层低于林冠层高度的1/2、孤立木 The vertical position of a tree relative to the forest stand, grades 1 to 4 were defined as the live crown top must be at least twice the height of the top of the overstory canopy zone, the live crown top is above the middle of the overstory canopy zone, the live crown top is at or below the middle of the overstory canopy zone, and the individual trees, respectively
	树冠受光率 Crown light exposure (CLE)	太阳照射树冠时, 树冠能接收到直射光照的数量, 将树冠垂直划分为4个侧面和1个顶部共5个受光面, 观察5个面的受光情况, 并将其由低到高划分为0-5共6级 Trees are rated based on the amount of light received with the sun directly overhead, the value is assigned by dividing the tree crown into five segments: four vertical sides and the top, the number of segments receiving light is then counted, resulting in a value that ranges from 0 to 5
	树冠顶梢枯死率 Crown dieback (CDBK, %)	树冠顶梢枯死面积占活树冠面积的百分比, 按每5%为一个单位 The percentage ot the area of the treetop dieback to the whole living crown, and is recorded in five-percent classes
	树冠叶透光度 Foliage transparency (FT, %)	透过活冠部分可见的天空百分比, 仅通过活冠部分的树叶判断, 枯枝和死枝不包括在内, 按每5%作为一个单位划分 The amount of skylight on a percent basis that is visible through the live part of the crown, dead branches are excluded from the estimate, and is recorded in five-percent classes
	树冠密度 Crown density (CD, %)	树冠枝条、叶片和其他组织阻挡可见光穿过树冠的数量, 按每5%作为一个单位划分 The percentage of light blocked by branches, foliage, and other structures, and is recorded in five-percent classes
复合指标 Composite indicator	冠径比 Ratio of CW to DBH (RCD, %)	冠幅与胸径的比值 Ratio of crown width to diameter at breast height
	树冠率 Crown ratio (CR, %)	树高和活枝下高的差值与树高的比值 Ratio of crown length to tree height
	树冠圆满度 Crown fullness ratio (CFR)	冠幅与树冠长度的比值 Ratio of crown width to crown length
	树冠表面积 Composite crown surface area (CCSA, m²)	$\text{CCSA}=\frac{4\text{ }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }\cdot \text{CL}}{3{{R}^{2}}}\left[ {{\left( {{R}^{2}}+\frac{{{R}^{4}}}{4\text{C}{{\text{L}}^{2}}} \right)}^{1.5}}-{{\left( \frac{{{R}^{4}}}{4\text{C}{{\text{L}}^{2}}} \right)}^{1.5}} \right]\text{CD,}$R为树冠半径 R, crown radius
	树冠体积 Composite crown volume (CCV, m³)	$\text{CCV}=0.5\text{ }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }\cdot {{R}^{2}}\cdot \text{CL}\cdot \text{CD}$.
	树冠生产率 Crown production efficiency (CEFF, m^-1)	CEFF = CCSA/CCV

表3 辽东山区长白落叶松林不同林龄和坡向生长与树冠指标方差分析表

Table 3 Variance analysis of growth and crown indictors for different stand ages and slope aspects of Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area

变异来源Source of variation	生长指标 Growth indicator			树冠指标 Crown indicator
变异来源Source of variation	生长指标 Growth indicator	F	p	客观指标 Objective indicator	F	p	主观指标 Subjective indicator	F	p	复合指标 Composite indicator	F	p
S	DBH	1.515	0.250	CW	54.534	<0.001	CP	0.113	0.745	RCD	44.198	<0.001
A		528.915	<0.001		123.204	<0.001		11.448	<0.001		15.682	<0.001
S × A		0.022	0.979		12.430	<0.001		7.991	0.001		6.537	0.004
S	H	0.091	0.770	CL	0.942	0.357	CLE	0.314	0.589	CR	2.181	0.174
A		605.145	<0.001		58.595	<0.001		37.298	<0.001		8.692	0.001
S × A		0.703	0.502		0.534	0.591		6.045	0.005		2.697	0.081
S	V	0.142	0.711	HU	0.911	0.365	CDBK	0.264	0.620	CFR	10.701	0.011
A		331.060	<0.001		244.964	<0.001		23.919	<0.001		6.192	0.005
S × A		0.076	0.927		2.170	0.129		17.075	<0.001		2.708	0.080
S	RDH	0.118	0.739				FT	2.751	0.132	CCSA	28.128	<0.001
A		67.870	<0.001					1.809	0.178		206.807	<0.001
S × A		2.416	0.104					10.795	<0.001		7.695	0.002
S	RDD	7.667	0.022				CD	1.431	0.262	CCV	43.572	<0.001
A		45.213	<0.001					1.763	0.186		83.273	<0.001
S × A		8.941	0.001					10.288	<0.001		11.328	<0.001
S	RHD	8.551	0.017							CEFF	9.720	0.012
A		69.617	<0.001								49.883	<0.001
S × A		1.461	0.245								6.643	0.004

图1 辽东山区长白落叶松林林分生长指标对林龄和坡向的响应(平均值±标准误)。DBH, 胸径; H, 树高; RDD, 相对优势木直径; RDH, 相对优势木高; RHD, 高径比; V, 立木材积。不同小写字母表示不同林龄和坡向下各林分生长指标之间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 1 Effects of stand ages and slope aspects on the stand growth indicators of Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area (mean ± SE). DBH, diameter at breast tree height; H, tree height; RDD, relative dominant tree diameter; RDH, relative dominant tree height; RHD, ratio of H to DBH; V, tree volume. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in growth indicators under different stand ages and slope aspects (p < 0.05).

图2 辽东山区长白落叶松林树冠客观指标对林龄和坡向的响应(平均值±标准误)。CL, 树冠长度; CW, 冠幅; HU, 枝下高。不同小写字母表示不同林龄和坡向下各树冠客观指标之间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Effects of stand ages and slope aspects on the crown objective indicators of Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area (mean ± SE). CL, crown length; CW, crown width; HU, under branch height. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences of objective indictors of tree crowns under different stand ages and slope aspects (p < 0.05).

图3 辽东山区长白落叶松林树冠主观指标对林龄和坡向的响应(平均值±标准误)。CD, 树冠密度; CDBK, 树冠顶梢枯死率; CLE, 树冠受光率; CP, 树冠位置; FT, 树冠叶透光度。不同小写字母表示不同林龄和坡向下各树冠客观指标之间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Effects of stand ages and slope aspects on the crown subjective indictors of Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area (mean ± SE). CD, crown density; CDBK, crown dieback; CLE, crown light exposure; CP, crown position; FT, foliage transparency. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences of subjective indictors of tree crowns under different stand ages and slope aspects (p < 0.05).

图4 辽东山区长白落叶松林树冠复合指标对林龄和坡向的响应(平均值±标准误)。CCSA, 树冠表面积; CCV, 树冠体积; CEFF, 树冠生产率; CFR, 树冠圆满度; CR, 树冠率; RCD, 冠径比。不同小写字母表示不同林龄和坡向下各树冠复合指标之间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Effects of stand ages and slope aspects on the crown composite indictors of Larix olgensis var. ohangbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area (mean ± SE). CCSA, composite crown surface area; CCV, composite crown volume; CEFF, crown production efficiency; CFR, crown fullness ratio; CR, crown ratio; RCD, ratio of crown width to diameter at breast height. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences of composite indictors of tree crowns under different stand ages and slope aspects (p < 0.05).

图5 辽东山区长白落叶松林不同坡向树冠指标与林分生长指标之间的相关性。CCSA, 树冠表面积; CCV, 树冠体积; CD, 树冠密度; CDBK, 树冠顶梢枯死率; CEFF, 树冠生产率; CFR, 树冠圆满度; CL, 树冠长度; CLE, 树冠受光率; CP, 树冠位置; CR, 树冠率; CW, 冠幅; DBH, 胸径; FT, 树冠叶透光度; H, 树高; HU, 枝下高; r, 相关系数; RCD, 冠径比; RDD, 相对优势木直径; RDH, 相对优势木高; RHD, 高径比; V, 立木材积。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。

Fig. 5 Correlation between crown and stand growth indictors in different slope aspects of Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area. CCSA, composite crown surface area; CCV, composite crown volume; CD, crown density; CDBK, crown dieback; CEFF, crown production efficiency; CFR, crown fullness ratio; CL, crown length; CLE, crown light exposure; CP, crown position; CR, crown ratio; CW, crown width; DBH, diameter at breast height; FT, foliage transparency; H, height; HU, under branch height; r, correlation coefficient; RCD, ratio of crown width to DBH; RDD, relative dominant tree diameter; RDH, relative dominant tree height; RHD, ratio of H to DBH; V, tree volume. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

图6 辽东山区长白落叶松林不同坡向树冠与生物量指标之间的相关性。CCSA, 树冠表面积; CCV, 树冠体积; CD, 树冠密度; CDBK, 树冠顶梢枯死率; CEFF, 树冠生产率; CFR, 树冠圆满度; CL, 树冠长度; CLE, 树冠受光率; CP, 树冠位置; CR, 树冠率; CW, 冠幅; FT, 树冠叶透光度; HU, 枝下高; r, 相关系数; RCD, 冠径比; WB, 树枝生物量; WF, 树叶生物量; WG, 地上生物量; WR, 树根生物量; WS, 树干生物量; WT, 单株生物量。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。

Fig. 6 Correlation between tree crown and biomass indictors in different slope aspects of Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area. CCSA, composite crown surface area; CCV, composite crown volume; CD, crown density; CDBK, crown dieback; CEFF, crown production efficiency; CFR, crown fullness ratio; CL, crown length; CLE, crown light exposure; CP, crown position; CR, crown ratio; CW, crown width; FT, foliage transparency; HU, under branch height; r, correlation coefficient; RCD, ratio of crown width to diameter at breast height; WB, branch biomass; WF, foliage biomass; WG, above-ground biomass; WR, root biomass; WS, trunk biomass; WT, total biomass. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

图7 辽东山区长白落叶松林树冠指标与生物量的逐步回归模型决定系数(R2)。CCSA, 树冠表面积; CCV, 树冠体积; CD, 树冠密度; CDBK, 树冠顶梢枯死率; CEFF, 树冠生产率; CFR, 树冠圆满度; CL, 树冠长度; HU, 枝下高; RCD, 冠径比; WB, 树枝生物量; WF, 树叶生物量; WG, 地上生物量; WR, 树根生物量; WS, 树干生物量; WT, 单株生物量。

Fig. 7 Coefficient of determination (R2) of crown indexes and biomass in stepwise regression models of Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area. CCSA, composite crown surface area; CCV, composite crown volume; CD, crown density; CDBK, crown dieback; CEFF, crown production efficiency; CFR, crown fullness ratio; CL, crown length; HU, under branch height; RCD, ratio of crown width to diameter at breast height; WB, branch biomass; WF, foliage biomass; WG, above-ground biomass; WR, root biomass; WS, trunk biomass; WT, total biomass.

图8 长白落叶松在阴坡、阳坡生长示意图。

Fig. 8 Diagram of tree growth on the shady slope and sunny slope for Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis.

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辽东山区不同坡向长白落叶松人工林树冠特征与林木生长关系

Crown characteristics and its relationship with tree growth on different slope aspects for Larix olgensis var. changbaiensis plantation in eastern Liaoning mountainous area, China

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