2012年夏季长湖浮游植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00080

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为查明长湖浮游植物群落特征及其水环境影响因子, 并确定水体富营养化程度, 于2012年夏季对长湖浮游植物及相关环境因子进行调查检测分析, 运用藻类生物学法和综合营养状态指数法, 对长湖水体营养状态进行综合评定, 同时利用典范对应分析法(CCA)对浮游植物与环境因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明, 2012年夏季长湖浮游植物共有53种(含变种、变型), 隶属于7门41属, 其中以绿藻最多(24种, 占总数量的38.9%), 其次为蓝藻(15种, 占总数量的36.0%)和硅藻(7种, 占总数量的14.1%)。优势种(优势度指数大于0.02)共10种, 其中两栖颤藻(Oscillatoria amphibia)是4个区域的共有优势种, 最高优势度达0.72。浮游植物丰度为12.03 × 10 ⁶- 62.13 × 10 ⁶cell·L ^-1, 平均值为27.71 × 10 ⁶cell·L ^-1。浮游植物丰度的平面分布呈现圆心湖、海子湖、马洪台、庙湖依次降低的特点。浮游植物多样性指数变化范围为0.89-3.24, 均匀度指数变化范围为0.23-0.83。选取叶绿素a、总磷、总氮、透明度和化学需氧量5项参数计算得出综合营养化指数。通过藻类生物学法和综合营养状态指数法进行综合评价发现: 2012年夏季长湖处于中度富营养化到富营养化程度。典范对应分析表明: 浮游植物空间分布主要受总氮、总悬浮物、总磷、溶氧以及亚硝酸氮等环境因子的影响。针状蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis acicularis)、两栖颤藻、席藻属(Phormidium)、鱼腥藻属(Anabeana)等蓝藻对总氮的需求较大。长湖各站点由于在不同程度上受到地形、人为干扰以及水动力条件的影响, 它们与环境因子的典范对应分析表现出明显的区域性。

关键词: 典范对应分析, 群落结构, 环境因子, 富营养化, 长湖, 浮游植物

Abstract:

Aims Our objectives were to examine the community structure of phytoplankton and the associated environmental factors in Lake Changhu in the summer of 2012, and to investigate the degree of eutrophication in the lake.
Methods Biological characteristics of the alga and integrative nutritional state index were used for evaluation of eutrophication in Lake Changhu. Phytoplankton and water samples were collected at 20 sites. The water samples were fixed, precipitated and concentrated for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Variables related to water conditions such as chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, total suspended solids, secchi disk depth and chemical oxygen demand were monitored.
Important findings Fifty-three species (genera) of phytoplankton were identified, belonging to Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta, Xanthophyta, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta and Cryptophyta, respectively. Chlorophyta (24 species), which accounted for 38.9% of the total, was the most abundant, followed by Cyanophyta (15 species, accounting for 36.0% of the total) and Bacillariophyta (7 species, accounting for 14.1% of the total). There were 10 dominant species and Oscillatoria amphibia was a common species in four areas, with maximum dominancy of 0.72. The phytoplankton density varied from 12.03 × 10 ⁶ to 62.13 × 10 ⁶cell·L ^-1 with an average of 27.71 × 10 ⁶ cells·L ^-1. The highest cell density occurred in the Yuanxinhu area, followed by the Haizihu area and the Mahongtai area; the Miaohu area was observed to have the lowest cell density. Biodiversity index of phytoplankton varied from 0.89 to 3.24, and evenness index varied in a range of 0.23-0.83. Based on the two methods of eutrophication evaluation, the water was in moderately eutrophic and eutrophic state in Lake Changhu in the summer of 2012. Canonical correlation analysis suggested that the total nitrogen, total suspended solids, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and nitrite nitrogen were the main environmental factors affecting the spatial distribution of phytoplankton community in Lake Changhu in summer. Most of the Cyanophyta (Dactylococcopsis acicularis, Oscillatoria amphibia, Phormidium and Anabeana) had a great demand for total nitrogen. Affected by geographical feature, human activities and the hydrodynamic features, the sampling sites showed apparent regional differentiations as revealed by canonical correspondence analysis.

Key words: canonical correspondence analysis, community structure, environmental factor, eutrophication, Lake Changhu, phytoplankton

柴毅, 彭婷, 郭坤, 何勇凤, 杨德国, 罗静波. 2012年夏季长湖浮游植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(8): 857-867. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00080

CHAI Yi, PENG Ting, GUO Kun, HE Yong-Feng, YANG De-Guo, LUO Jing-Bo. Community characteristics of phytoplankton in Lake Changhu and relationships with environmental factors in the summer of 2012. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(8): 857-867. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00080

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I8/857

图/表 7

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采样点 Sampling sites	纬度 Latitude (E)	经度 Longitude (N)
M₁	30.43°	112.38°
M₂	30.43°	112.36°
M₃	30.42°	112.37°
M₄	30.39°	112.35°
Y₁	30.44°	112.47°
Y₂	30.43°	112.45°
Y₃	30.42°	112.48°
Y₄	30.42°	112.45°
Y₅	30.44°	112.44°
Y₆	30.42°	112.43°
M′₁	30.43°	112.25°
H₁	30.42°	112.25°
H₂	30.43°	112.26°
H₃	30.41°	112.26°
H₄	30.40°	112.27°
H₅	30.41°	112.28°
H₆	30.38°	112.31°
H₇	30.37°	112.30°
H₈	30.39°	112.28°
H₉	30.40°	112.29

采样点 Sampling sites	纬度 Latitude (E)	经度 Longitude (N)
M₁	30.43°	112.38°
M₂	30.43°	112.36°
M₃	30.42°	112.37°
M₄	30.39°	112.35°
Y₁	30.44°	112.47°
Y₂	30.43°	112.45°
Y₃	30.42°	112.48°
Y₄	30.42°	112.45°
Y₅	30.44°	112.44°
Y₆	30.42°	112.43°
M′₁	30.43°	112.25°
H₁	30.42°	112.25°
H₂	30.43°	112.26°
H₃	30.41°	112.26°
H₄	30.40°	112.27°
H₅	30.41°	112.28°
H₆	30.38°	112.31°
H₇	30.37°	112.30°
H₈	30.39°	112.28°
H₉	30.40°	112.29

	种类 Species
蓝藻门 Cyanophyta	针状蓝纤维藻 Dactylococcopsis acicularis
	隐球藻属 Aphanocapsa
	微小平裂藻 Merismopedia tenuissima
	铜绿微囊藻 Microcystis aeruginosa
	水华微囊藻 Microcystis flos-aquae
	不定微囊藻 Microcystis incerta
	湖泊色球藻 Chroococcus limneticus
	尖头席藻 Phormidium acutissimum
	两栖颤藻 Oscillatoria amphibia
	螺旋藻属 Spirulina
	螺旋鱼腥藻 Anabaena sporoides
	类颤鱼腥藻 Anabaena oscillarioides
	拟鱼腥藻属 Anabaenopsis
	中华小尖头藻 Raphidiopsis sinensia
	念珠藻属 Nostoc
绿藻门 Chlorophyta	实球藻 Pandorina morum
	空球藻 Eudorina elegans
	杂球藻 Pleodorina californica
	水溪绿球藻 Chlorococcum infusionum
	螺旋弓形藻 Schroederia spiralis
	小球藻 Chlorella vulgaris
	椭圆小球藻 Chlorella ellipsoidea
	三角四角藻 Tetraedron trigonum
	针形纤维藻 Ankistrodesmus acicularis
	镰形纤维藻 Ankistrodesmus falcatus
	月牙藻 Selenastrum bibraianum
	蹄形藻 Kirchneriella lunaris
	卵囊藻属 Oocystis
	二角盘星藻 Pediastrum duplex
	二角盘星藻纤细变种 Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum
	单角盘星藻 Pediastrum simplex
	单角盘星具孔变种 Pediastrum simplex var. duodenarium
	四尾栅藻 Scenedesmus quadricauda
	双列栅藻 Scenedesmus bijuga
	斜生栅藻 Scenedesmus obliquus
	尖细栅藻 Scenedesmus acuminatus
	丛球韦斯藻 Westella botryoides
	四足十字藻 Crucigenia tetrapedia
	四角十字藻 Crucigenia quadrata
	集星藻 Actinastrum hantzschii
	空星藻 Coelastrum sphaericum
	水绵属 Spirogyra
	新月藻属 Closterium
	美丽鼓藻 Cosmarium formosulum
	角星鼓藻属 Staurastrum
硅藻门 Bacillariophyta	颗粒直链藻 Melosira granulata
	扭曲小环藻 Cyclotella comta
	梅尼小环藻 Cyclotella meneghiniana
	窗格平板藻 Tabellaria fenestrata
	脆杆藻属 Fragilaria
	尖针杆藻 Synedra acus
	肘状针杆藻 Synedra ulna
	放射舟形藻 Navicula radiosa
	新月形桥弯藻 Cymbella cymbiformis
	菱形藻属 Nitzschia
黄藻门 Xanthophyta	拟丝状黄丝藻 Tribonema ulothrichoides
	小型黄丝藻 Tribonema minus
	近缘黄丝藻 Tribonema affine
隐藻门 Cryptophyta	卵形隐藻 Cryptomonas ovata
裸藻门 Euglenophyta	尖尾裸藻 Euglena oxyuris
甲藻门 Dinophyta	裸甲藻 Gymnodinium aeruginosum

	种类 Species
蓝藻门 Cyanophyta	针状蓝纤维藻 Dactylococcopsis acicularis
	隐球藻属 Aphanocapsa
	微小平裂藻 Merismopedia tenuissima
	铜绿微囊藻 Microcystis aeruginosa
	水华微囊藻 Microcystis flos-aquae
	不定微囊藻 Microcystis incerta
	湖泊色球藻 Chroococcus limneticus
	尖头席藻 Phormidium acutissimum
	两栖颤藻 Oscillatoria amphibia
	螺旋藻属 Spirulina
	螺旋鱼腥藻 Anabaena sporoides
	类颤鱼腥藻 Anabaena oscillarioides
	拟鱼腥藻属 Anabaenopsis
	中华小尖头藻 Raphidiopsis sinensia
	念珠藻属 Nostoc
绿藻门 Chlorophyta	实球藻 Pandorina morum
	空球藻 Eudorina elegans
	杂球藻 Pleodorina californica
	水溪绿球藻 Chlorococcum infusionum
	螺旋弓形藻 Schroederia spiralis
	小球藻 Chlorella vulgaris
	椭圆小球藻 Chlorella ellipsoidea
	三角四角藻 Tetraedron trigonum
	针形纤维藻 Ankistrodesmus acicularis
	镰形纤维藻 Ankistrodesmus falcatus
	月牙藻 Selenastrum bibraianum
	蹄形藻 Kirchneriella lunaris
	卵囊藻属 Oocystis
	二角盘星藻 Pediastrum duplex
	二角盘星藻纤细变种 Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum
	单角盘星藻 Pediastrum simplex
	单角盘星具孔变种 Pediastrum simplex var. duodenarium
	四尾栅藻 Scenedesmus quadricauda
	双列栅藻 Scenedesmus bijuga
	斜生栅藻 Scenedesmus obliquus
	尖细栅藻 Scenedesmus acuminatus
	丛球韦斯藻 Westella botryoides
	四足十字藻 Crucigenia tetrapedia
	四角十字藻 Crucigenia quadrata
	集星藻 Actinastrum hantzschii
	空星藻 Coelastrum sphaericum
	水绵属 Spirogyra
	新月藻属 Closterium
	美丽鼓藻 Cosmarium formosulum
	角星鼓藻属 Staurastrum
硅藻门 Bacillariophyta	颗粒直链藻 Melosira granulata
	扭曲小环藻 Cyclotella comta
	梅尼小环藻 Cyclotella meneghiniana
	窗格平板藻 Tabellaria fenestrata
	脆杆藻属 Fragilaria
	尖针杆藻 Synedra acus
	肘状针杆藻 Synedra ulna
	放射舟形藻 Navicula radiosa
	新月形桥弯藻 Cymbella cymbiformis
	菱形藻属 Nitzschia
黄藻门 Xanthophyta	拟丝状黄丝藻 Tribonema ulothrichoides
	小型黄丝藻 Tribonema minus
	近缘黄丝藻 Tribonema affine
隐藻门 Cryptophyta	卵形隐藻 Cryptomonas ovata
裸藻门 Euglenophyta	尖尾裸藻 Euglena oxyuris
甲藻门 Dinophyta	裸甲藻 Gymnodinium aeruginosum

区域 Area	物种 Species	出现频率 Frequency of occurrence (%)	优势度 Dominance
马洪台 Mahongtai Area	针状蓝纤维藻 Dactylococcopsis acicularis	100	0.04
	两栖颤藻 Oscillatoria amphibia	100	0.59
	微小平裂藻 Merismopedia tenuissima	100	0.07
	湖泊色球藻 Chroococcus limneticus	100	0.05
	中华小尖头藻 Raphidiopsis sinensia	100	0.04
	扭曲小环藻 Cyclotella comta	75	0.02
	肘状针杆藻 Synedra ulna	100	0.03
	四尾栅藻 Scenedesmus quadricauda	100	0.04
圆心湖 Yuanxinhu Arae	针状蓝纤维藻 Dactylococcopsis acicularis	100	0.04
圆心湖 Yuanxinhu Arae	两栖颤藻 Oscillatoria amphibia	100	0.72
海子湖 Haizihu Area	针状蓝纤维藻 Dactylococcopsis acicularis	89	0.02
	微小平裂藻 Merismopedia tenuissima	100	0.09
	两栖颤藻 Oscillatoria amphibia	100	0.51
	湖泊色球藻 Chroococcus limneticus	100	0.07
	扭曲小环藻 Cyclotella comta	100	0.09
	尖尾裸藻 Euglena oxyuris	100	0.04
	小球藻 Chlorella vulgaris	89	0.03
	四尾栅藻 Scenedesmus quadricauda	100	0.06
庙湖 Miaohu Area	扭曲小环藻 Cyclotella comta	100	0.11
	两栖颤藻 Oscillatoria amphibia	100	0.23
	微小平裂藻Merismopedia tenuissima	100	0.05
	湖泊色球藻 Chroococcus limneticus	100	0.06