半干旱区旱地不同覆盖种植方式玉米田的土壤水分和产量效应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00825

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探讨半干旱区旱地不同种植方式玉米(Zea mays)田的土壤水分动态特征, 测定了全膜双垄沟播(PMF)、全沙覆盖(SM)和裸地(CK) 3种不同处理0-200 cm土壤水分季节变化、垂直变化及年际变化。结果表明: PMF明显改善玉米拔节前0-200 cm土壤的水分条件, 有利于玉米前期生长; 随着玉米生育进程的推进, 3种处理的耗水量依次为: PMF﹥SM﹥CK, 而土壤贮水量表现为CK﹥SM﹥PMF; 在相同降雨条件下, PMF处理0-200 cm土壤水分降雨入渗补给深度最大, SM次之, CK最小。随着种植年限增加, PMF的耗水量和耗水深度增加, 两年种植期间耗水深度从20-120 cm向120-200 cm推移; 连续种植两年后, 3种处理40-120 cm土壤含水量下降至9.0%以下, 其中PMF下降最快(7.9%), 土壤含水量接近萎蔫系数7.2%, 玉米只能靠当年降水生长, 如种植年限继续增加, 土壤极有可能形成干层。3种处理之间耗水量、产量、水分利用效率都存在显著差异, PMF最高, SM次之, CK最低。因此, 在半干旱区采用全膜双垄沟播种植玉米可显著提高产量, 但连续种植可导致土壤贮水量显著降低, 对农田可持续生产能力造成不利影响。

关键词: 玉米, 全膜双垄沟播, 旱地, 土壤水分含量, 产量

Abstract:

Aims A new drought-resistance farming technology of double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film and furrow planting (PMF) is widely applied on rain-fed agriculture in the middle and eastern part of Gansu Province, China, to increase crop yield and water use efficiency. However, its impacts on seasonal and annual soil water dynamics are not well understood. Our objectives were to (a) investigate seasonal and annual changes in soil water content, corn yield and water use efficiency of different mulching methods and (b) evaluate the ecological impact of PMF on rain-fed cropland in semi-arid areas.

Methods We studied three treatments: PMF, whole field surface sand mulching and flat planting (SM) and uncovered and flat planting (CK). Using oven-drying and neutron-probe methods, we observed soil water in the 0-200 cm layer from 2009 to 2010.

Important findings PMF could improve soil water storage in the 0-200 cm layer significantly before corn jointing and improve corn development in the early growth period. With corn growth, there was a significant difference in water consumption among the three treatments in the sequence PMF > SM > CK. Conversely, the sequence of change of soil water storage was CK > SM > PMF. Under the same precipitation, soil water restoration depth of PMF was deepest and CK was shallowest (in the 0-200 cm soil layer). The quantity and depth of soil water consumption increased with increases of corn planting years in PMF treatment, e.g., depth of water consumption deepened from 20-120 cm to 120-200 cm from 2009 to 2010. After two years of continuous cropping of corn, soil water content in the 40-120 cm layer was <9.0% in all three treatments, the soil water content of PMF treatment decreased to 7.9% (which is close to the wilting coefficient of 7.2%) and corn development depended on rainfall in the growing season. This indicates that continuous corn cropping with PMF would result in a dry soil layer in semiarid areas. Water consumption, corn yield and water use efficiency were highest in PMF treatment, but lowest in CK in both years. Therefore, PMF could improve corn yield significantly, but continuous cropping may result in significant reduction of soil water storage and was disadvantageous to sustainable development capacity of cropland.

Key words: corn, double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film and furrow planting, rain-fed cropland, soil water content, yield

王红丽, 张绪成, 宋尚有. 半干旱区旱地不同覆盖种植方式玉米田的土壤水分和产量效应. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(8): 825-833. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00825

WANG Hong-Li, ZHANG Xu-Cheng, SONG Shang-You. Effects of mulching methods on soil water dynamics and corn yield of rain-fed cropland in the semiarid area of China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(8): 825-833. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00825

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00825

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2011/V35/I8/825

图/表 6

图1 试验期间试验区降水分布。

Fig. 1 Distribution of precipitation during the trail stages in test areas.

图2 全膜双垄沟播种植模式示意图。

Fig. 2 Planting model of double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film and furrow planting.

图3 不同覆盖种植方式玉米田0-200 cm土壤贮水量的季节变化。CK, 裸地平作; PMF, 全膜双垄沟播; SM, 全沙覆盖平作。

Fig. 3 Seasonal dynamics of soil water storage in 0-200 cm profile in different mulching methods. CK, uncovered and flat planting; PMF, double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film and furrow planting; SM, whole field surface sand mulching and flat planting.

图4 不同覆盖种植方式玉米田0-200 cm土壤含水量的垂直变化。A1和A2、B1和B2、C1和C2、D1和D2分别为2009年和2010年玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期、成熟期的土壤含水量。CK, 裸地平作; PMF, 全膜双垄沟播; SM, 全沙覆盖平作。

Fig. 4 Vertical dynamics of soil water content in 0-200 cm profile in different mulching methods. A1 and A2, B1 and B2, C1 and C2, D1 and D2 is soil water content of corn jointing, large bell, filling and maturity in 2009 and 2010, respectively. CK, uncovered and flat planting; PMF, double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film and furrow planting; SM, whole field surface sand mulching and flat planting.

表1 不同覆盖种植方式玉米田0-200 cm贮水量的年际变化(mm)

Table 1 Annual changes of soil water storage in 0-200 cm profile in different mulching methods (mm)

土层 Soil depth (cm)	2009						2010
	播前 Before sowing			收后 Harvest			播前 Before sowing			收后 Harvest
	PMF	SM	CK	PMF	SM	CK	PMF	SM	CK	PMF	SM	CK
0-20	32.9^a	32.9^a	32.9^a	33.8^b	35.9^a	32.4^b	28.2^a	27.6^b	25.5^c	26.9^a	27.5^a	23.1^b
20-40	35.9^a	35.9^a	35.9^a	25.7^c	30.0^a	27.3^b	33.1^a	30.6^b	30.1^b	22.9^a	20.3^b	21.3^b
40-60	39.1^a	39.1^a	39.1^a	28.3^b	33.5^a	32.7^a	31.0^a	24.2^b	25.9^b	18.6^b	18.9^b	19.5^a
60-80	39.6^a	39.6^a	39.6^a	28.4^c	31.3^b	34.8^a	25.0^a	21.8^b	25.0^a	18.2^b	18.0^b	20.1^a
80-100	36.3^a	36.3^a	36.3^a	26.6^c	30.7^b	33.5^a	28.0^a	24.8^c	27.2^b	18.2^c	19.7^b	22.4^a
100-120	36.1^a	36.1^a	36.1^a	32.7^b	33.3^b	34.7^a	24.8^b	24.4^b	27.6^a	20.5^b	21.2^b	25.1^a
120-140	42.7^a	42.7^a	42.7^a	39.8^b	39.7^b	40.1^a	34.7^c	39.9^a	38.9^b	28.1^c	34.1^b	37.1^a
140-160	45.5^a	45.5^a	45.5^a	43.1^b	44.4^a	44.6^a	35.1^b	33.9^c	37.7^a	29.6^c	33.0^b	36.6^a
160-180	52.1^a	52.1^a	52.1^a	50.5^a	48.5^c	49.1^b	39.6^b	40.6^a	39.8^b	34.4^c	41.1^a	39.5^b
180-200	52.0^a	52.0^a	52.0^a	48.6^a	48.9^a	48.8^a	41.0^a	39.9^b	39.8^b	35.1^b	42.5^a	42.5^a

图5 不同覆盖种植方式玉米的耗水量、产量和水分利用效率(平均值±标准误差)。CK, 裸地平作; PMF, 全膜双垄沟播; SM, 全沙覆盖平作。不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著。

Fig. 5 Water consumption, corn yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in different mulching methods (mean ± SE). CK, uncovered and flat planting; PMF, double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film and furrow planting; SM, whole field surface sand mulching and flat planting. Different letter mean significant difference at p < 0.05 level.

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