科尔沁沙地黄榆种子散布的空间差异及规律

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00747

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黄榆(Ulmus macrocarpa)是典型的风播植物, 在科尔沁沙地可以形成单一优势种林地。通过对其林下随机取样和林缘与孤立树不同方向从树基部向外的有序取样调查, 分析了黄榆林下和林缘外不同距离的种子沉降特征、林缘和孤立树种子散布方向的差异性与规律性。结果表明, 黄榆平均种子密度以林下最大, 林缘3 m处已显著减小, 林缘外随着距离增加黄榆平均种子密度呈指数减少态势, 且越远越不均匀。林缘和孤立树不同方向在26 m内, 单位面积连续分布的种子累积数量均以顺风向频率大的东北方向最多, 以逆风向频率大的西南或西方向最少。林缘和孤立树共10个方向的垂直断面从树基部向外的单位面积种子数量频度均符合Weibull分布和对数-正态分布密度函数(χ²₍_α₎< 0.900), 具有相同的种子散布格局。在科尔沁沙地自然条件下, 黄榆在各方向具有相同的“远距离”种子散布机制。

关键词: 风播植物, 孤立树, 种子散布, 黄榆, 林下, 林缘

Abstract:

Aims Ulmus macrocarpa is a typical anemochorous plant. It can form mono-dominant woodland in Keerqin Sandy Land, China. Our objectives were to investigate seed-fall characteristics of U. macrocarpa in the understory and away from both the woodland edges and isolated trees at different distances in different compass directions, and to illustrate the underlying mechanisms of seed dispersal in U. macrocarpa.
Methods In mid June 2011, we investigated seed dispersal after seeds fall in a nature reserve of U. macrocarpa woodland in Tongyu County in western Jilin Province. The woodland is about 50 km²in area which has nearly primitive landscape appearance. The seed density of U. macrocarpa was randomly sampled in the understory and orderly sampled at 1 m intervals from the tree bases away from the woodland edges and isolated trees along vertical sections of different directions. The quadrat was 50 cm × 50 cm in area. Differences in the seed density among the understory and parallel sections of different distance away from the woodland edges were tested by one-way ANOVA. Two types of density functions of theoretical distribution were used to reflect the patterns of seed dispersal away from seed sources along vertical sections of different directions.
Important findings The understory of U. macrocarpa had the highest mean seed density. The mean seed density was significantly reduced at 3 m away from the woodland edges, and it decreased exponentially with increasing in distance away from the woodland edges. We observed the highest cumulative seeds per unit area in the northeast direction; whereas the lowest numbers in the southwest and west directions, which may attribute to a high frequency of southerly winds. The pattern of seed dispersal matched the Weibull and Log-normal distributions (χ²₍_α₎< 0.900). In conclusion, U. macrocarpa has the same long-distance seed dispersal mechanism in different directions under natural conditions in Horqin Sandy Land.

Key words: anemochorous plant, isolated tree, seed dispersal, Ulmus macrocarpa, understory, woodland edge

杨允菲, 白云鹏, 李建东. 科尔沁沙地黄榆种子散布的空间差异及规律. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(8): 747-753. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00747

YANG Yun-Fei, BAI Yun-Peng, LI Jian-Dong. Spatial difference and regularity of seed dispersal of Ulmus macrocarpa in Horqin Sandy Land, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(8): 747-753. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00747

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00747

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2012/V36/I8/747

图/表 6

图1 黄榆林缘不同方向平行断面(■)和垂直断面(●)取样示意图。

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of sampling points in parallel section (■) and vertical section (●) of different directions away from Ulmus macrocarpa woodland edges.

表1 黄榆林下和林缘外不同距离平行断面种子雨密度统计描述、平均值的邓肯新复极差检验及其变异系数

Table 1 Describing statistics, means of Duncan’s new multiple range test and coefficient of variation (CV) on densities of seed rain in Ulmus macrocarpa within the understory and parallel sections of different distances away from woodland edges

距林缘的距离 Distance from woodland edges (m)	样本数 n	密度 Density (seeds·m^-2)				变异系数 CV (%)
距林缘的距离 Distance from woodland edges (m)	样本数 n	Max	Min	Mean^*	SD	变异系数 CV (%)
0 (林下 Understory)	12	748	408	546.3^a	100.71	18.4
3	12	584	132	329.7^b	143.58	43.5
6	12	344	76	200.7^c	90.07	44.9
9	12	168	24	87.7^d	47.19	53.8
12	12	132	20	48.0^e	31.12	64.8
15	12	60	8	25.3^f	15.85	62.6
18	12	36	4	15.0^fg	9.20	61.3
21	12	28	0	10.7^g	7.88	73.6

图2 林缘(A)和孤立树(B)不同方向垂直断面累积单位面积黄榆种子总量(平均值±标准误差)。不同字母表示差异显著(p ≤ 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Total cumulative seeds of Ulmus macrocarpa per unit area away from woodland edge (A) and isolated tree (B) along vertical section of different directions (mean ± SE). Different letters mean significant difference (p ≤ 0.05).

表2 林缘和孤立树不同方向垂直断面黄榆种子散布频度的两种分布参数与χ2检验

Table 2 Parameters and χ2 test of two distribution types on seed dispersal frequency of Ulmus macrocarpa away from woodland edge and isolated tree along vertical section of different directions

种子源 Seed source	方向 Direction	Weibull分布 Weibull distribution					对数-正态分布 Logarithm-normal distribution
种子源 Seed source	方向 Direction	α	β	μ	χ²	χ²₍_α₎	μ	σ²	χ²	χ²₍_α₎
林缘 Woodland edge	北 N (n = 23)	1.100 1	4.030 5	0.898 3	3.864 6	<0.995	1.159 5	0.853 2	1.817 8	<0.995
	东北 NE (n = 25)	1.079 0	5.074 9	1.113 5	2.956 4	<0.995	1.339 4	0.801 0	3.556 0	<0.995
	南 S (n = 24)	1.212 9	4.944 7	1.131 5	1.567 2	<0.995	1.348 2	0.791 2	5.484 1	<0.995
	西 W (n = 24)	1.082 5	5.238 0	1.134 9	3.663 2	<0.995	1.362 6	0.875 4	5.363 9	<0.995
	平均 Mean (n = 25)	1.112 2	4.875 5	1.085 5	1.464 2	<0.995	1.314 5	0.832 0	2.130 2	<0.995
孤立树 Isolated tree	北 N (n = 22)	1.198 7	4.814 2	1.112 1	4.834 2	<0.995	1.327 5	0.773 1	2.749 0	<0.995
	东北 NE (n = 26)	1.224 0	6.061 1	1.340 8	2.129 5	<0.995	1.522 4	0.805 7	3.453 2	<0.995
	西 E (n = 24)	1.144 3	6.507 9	1.372 3	4.247 2	<0.995	1.557 8	0.875 6	3.947 2	<0.995
	东南 SE (n = 25)	1.194 0	6.479 3	1.389 5	3.822 5	<0.995	1.570 1	0.842 3	5.201 1	<0.995
	南 S (n = 23)	1.338 9	7.413 0	1.551 4	5.437 5	<0.995	1.708 6	0.828 3	13.201 0	<0.900
	西南 SW (n = 22)	1.197 8	6.490 0	1.394 3	7.733 6	<0.990	1.569 9	0.836 7	4.973 3	<0.995
	平均 Mean (n = 26)	1.209 1	6.332 0	1.371 6	1.087 4	<0.995	1.552 3	0.832 5	3.707 9	<0.995

图3 林缘(A)和孤立树(B)不同方向垂直断面黄榆种子散布的平均观测值频率(柱)及Weibull分布拟合曲线。

Fig. 3 Frequency of observed average values (column) of seed dispersal of Ulmus macrocarpa and the expected curves of Weibull distribution away from woodland edge (A) and isolated tree (B) along vertical section of different directions.

图4 林缘(A)和孤立树(B)不同方向垂直断面黄榆平均种子密度观测值与Weibull分布理论频度还原期望值的相关性。

Fig. 4 Correlation between observed values of seed average density of Ulmus macrocarpa and the restored expected values through theoretical frequency of Weibull distribution away from woodland edge (A) and isolated tree (B) along vertical section of different directions.

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