氮素添加对内蒙古退化草原生产力的短期影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0141

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

不合理的土地利用方式以及气候变化导致我国草原生态系统普遍退化, 主要表现在土壤养分降低、植被覆盖度减少、生产力下降。外源氮素添加是促进退化草原尽快恢复的一项重要措施, 尤其是对那些退化较为严重的草原。该研究选取内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗不同退化程度(轻度、中度和重度)的草原群落, 于2014-2015年开展连续两年的氮素添加实验, 设置对照(不添加)、低水平(5.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中水平(10.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高水平(20.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1) 4种氮素添加处理, 探讨退化草原群落生产力在恢复过程中对不同水平氮素添加的响应。结果显示: (1)高、中水平氮素添加显著提高了轻度退化群落的地上生物量, 分别比对照增加了53.1%、51.6%, 氮素各水平添加对中度、重度群落地上生物量无显著影响; (2)高、中水平氮素添加显著提高了轻度退化群落中多年生根茎型禾草地上生物量, 分别比对照增加了45.1%、47.7%, 而多年生杂类草地上生物量分别比对照减少了37.4%、42.1%, 但中度和重度退化群落各功能群生物量的响应不显著; (3)三种水平氮素添加对轻、中、重度退化群落物种丰富度在试验期间均没有显著影响。研究结果表明氮素添加有助于提高轻度退化草原中多年生根茎型禾草的生物量, 进而提高群落的生物量, 但多年生杂类草会被逐渐替代, 导致生物量降低, 可见施氮对草原恢复的影响取决于草原退化程度。

关键词: 退化草原, 氮添加, 地上生物量, 植物功能群, 物种丰富度

Abstract:

Aims Irrational utilization and global climate change have caused degradation of grassland ecosystems in northern China with low soil fertility, decreased vegetation coverage and productivity. Nitrogen addition has been suggested an effective way to enhance restoration of those degraded grasslands. In this study, we selected a typical steppe with three different degrading levels, including lightly, moderately and heavily degraded communities, in East Ujimqin, Nei Mongol. Our objectives of this study are to examine if and how nitrogen (N) addition can enhance restoration of those degraded grasslands Methods Treatments with four levels of N addition (0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1) were conducted to each of the three degraded communities from 2014 to 2015. Nitrogen was applied as urea in June of both years. Aboveground biomass was collected at the species level in 1 m × 1 m plot in August each year, all species biomass was summed as net primary production, and biomass of plant functional groups was calculated by perennial rhizome grasses, perennial bunchgrasses, perennial forbs, shrubs and semi-shrubs, annuals and biennials.Important findings Our results showed that the high (20.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1) and medium level N addition (10.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1) significantly increased the aboveground biomass of the slightly degraded community by 53.1% and 51.6% compared with no N addition. N addition had no significant effects on the moderately and heavily degraded communities. N addition with high and medium levels increased aboveground biomass of perennial rhizome grasses by 45.1% and 47.7%, but decreased that of perennial forbs by 37.4% and 42.1% at the slightly degraded community. Our results indicated that N addition could increase the growth of perennial rhizome grasses, and the growth of perennial forbs was suppressed consequently. Our results suggest that even the application of N fertilizers can only be helpful to restoration of those slightly degraded grasslands. Besides, N addition had no significant effects on species richness in different degraded communities indicating the fact that the study may not last long enough. For the purpose of increasing aboveground biomass of degraded grassland, we should not only consider the type and quantity of fertilization, but also the attribute of the degraded communities. In addition, the response of degraded community in biomass may strongly be impacted by degrading level of studied grassland.

Key words: degraded grassland, nitrogen addition, aboveground biomass, plant functional group, species richness

王晶, 王姗姗, 乔鲜果, 李昂, 薛建国, 哈斯木其尔, 张学耀, 黄建辉. 氮素添加对内蒙古退化草原生产力的短期影响. 植物生态学报, 2016, 40(10): 980-990. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0141

Jing WANG, Shan-Shan WANG, Xian-Guo QIAO, Ang LI, Jian-Guo XUE, Muqier HASI, Xue-Yao ZHANG, Jian-Hui HUANG. Influence of nitrogen addition on the primary production in Nei Mongol degraded grassland. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016, 40(10): 980-990. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0141

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0141

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2016/V40/I10/980

图/表 6

表1 未添加氮处理时不同退化群落属性表(平均值±标准误差)

Table 1 Properties of the degraded community before the N addition treatment (mean ± SE)

	轻度退化 Slightly degraded	中度退化 Moderately degraded	重度退化 Heavily degraded
地上净初级生产力 ANPP (g·m^-2)	190.04 ± 12.45^a	154.02 ± 14.60^b	108.85 ± 6.53^c
物种丰富度 Species richness	10.36 ± 0.32^a	8.95 ± 0.34^b	7.34 ± 0.34^c
多年生根茎型禾草 PR (%)	20.08 ± 1.88^a	16.49 ± 2.24^b	10.42 ± 1.75^c
多年生丛生型禾草 PB (%)	27.13 ± 2.64^a	43.91 ± 3.67^b	37.58 ± 3.5^b
多年生杂类草 PF (%)	29.92 ± 2.16^a	38.15 ± 2.85^b	52.55 ± 3.5^c
一、二年生植物 AB (%)	21.59 ± 2.07^a	2.39 ± 0.82^b	2.84 ± 1.03^b
灌木及半灌木 SS (%)	2.80 ± 0.65^ns	3.34 ± 1.32^ns	5.74 ± 2.29^ns

表2 氮素添加量(CN)、退化程度(T)、处理年限(Y)以及它们的交互作用对群落地上净初级生产力及物种丰富度的线性混合模型分析。其中氮添加量(CN)、退化类型(T)作为固定效应, 处理年限(Y)作为随机效应

Table 2 Analyses with mixed linear model for species richness and aboveground biomass using treatment (N), type (T) and their interactions as fixed effects, year (Y) as random effect

	df	地上净初级生产力 Aboveground net primary production		物种丰富度 Species richness
	df	F	p	F	p
Type (T)	2	18.02	0.000 1	3.98	0.020 5
CN	3	3.17	0.026 0	1.85	0.140 8
Y	1	36.70	0.000 1	28.91	0.000 1
CN × Y	5	3.17	0.026 0	1.85	0.140 9
CN × T	6	0.58	0.745 9	1.80	0.101 2
T × Y	2	10.87	0.000 1	3.98	0.020 5
CN × T × Y	12	0.58	0.745 8	1.81	0.101 1

图1 2015年不同浓度氮素处理对不同退化类型中0-10 cm土层土壤铵态氮、土壤硝态氮、土壤含水量的线性混合模型分析(平均值±标准误差)。采用Duncan多重比较进行处理间的差异分析, 相同字母表示处理间差异不显著, 不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。I、II、III分别表示轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化。

Fig. 1 Seasonal average soil inorganic N (NH4+-N, NO3--N) soil moisture (0-10 cm) in the 2015 from the different degraded communities (means ± SE). Bars with different letters were significantly different (p < 0.05) in Duncan’s multiple range tests reported from the linear mixed model. I, II, and III represents slightly degraded, moderately degraded and heavily degraded community, respectively.

图2 氮素添加对不同退化区年际间地上生物量的影响(平均值±标准误差)。Duncan’s多重比较进行处理间差异分析, 不同字母表示有显著性差异(p < 0.05)。I、II、III分别表示轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化。

Fig. 2 Effects of nitrogen addition on above ground biomass of the different degraded communities during the three years (mean ± SE). The different letters were significantly different in Duncan’s multiple p < 0.05. I, II, and III represents slightly degraded, moderately degraded and heavily degraded community, respectively.

图3 2014-2015年氮素添加对不同退化区物种丰富度的线性混合模型分析(平均值±标准误差)。

Fig. 3 Effects of nitrogen addition on plant species richness of the different degraded blocks between 2014 and 2015 (mean ± SE).

图4 氮素添加对不同退化区年际间群落中植物功能群所占比例的影响。I、II、III 分别表示轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化。AB, 一、二年生植物; PB, 多年生丛生型禾草; PF, 多年生杂类草; PR, 多年生根茎型禾草; SS, 灌木及半灌木。

Fig. 4 Effects of nitrogen addition on relative aboveground biomass of the compositional plant functional groups in the different degraded communities during the three years. I, II, and III represents slightly degraded, moderately degraded and heavily degraded community, respectively. AB, annuals and biennials; PB, perennial bunchgrasses; PF, perennial forbs; PR, perennial rhizome grasses; SS, shrubs and semi-shrubs.

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