Quantitative classification of the subtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forest and the deciduous and evergreen species composition structure across two national nature reserves in the southwest of Hubei, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0096

Abstract

Abstract: Aims

The subtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forest is the largest extant natural vegetation type in southwest Hubei. However, little knowledge exists on the types and compositions (especially the relative ratios of evergreen versus deciduous species) of this forest vegetation. Here, we quantitatively classify the less studied forest vegetation into different community types, compare their size and composition structure, and analyze species-environment relationships which is the basis for further understanding the biodiversity maintenance mechanism and reasonable protection and utilization of this forest.

Methods

We established 92 20 m × 20 m plots of subtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forest in two national nature reserves in Enshi, Hubei Province, China. All species with stems ≥1 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) in each plot were identified and mapped. These plots were classified by using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). The species richness, abundance, basal area and importance value were chosen to compare structure, species composition and evergreen and deciduous ratio. Permutation-based multiple regression on distance matrices and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between species distribution and environmental factors.

Important findings

Our results showed that the subtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forest in the southwest of Hubei could be classified into five community types based on quantitative methods: i.e. Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Eurya alata + Camellia cuspidate (community type I), Carpinus fargesiana + Cyclo- balanopsis glauca-Eurya alata (community type II), Carpinus fargesiana + Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Weigela japonica (community type III), Fagus lucida + Cyclobalanopsis multinervis-Eurya alata (community type IV) and Carpinus fargesiana + Daphniphyllum macropodum + Lithocarpus cleistocarpus-Eurya alata (community type V). Species richness, abundance, basal area and importance value of evergreen and deciduous species in each community types were different. Deciduous species in community II, community III and community V were significantly higher than evergreen species in terms of species richness, stem abundance, basal area and importance value, but they had no significant differences in community I and community IV. The richness of deciduous species in most community types were higher than those of evergreen species, meanwhile the abundance, basal area and importance value of deciduous species in the small size classes (1 cm ≤ DBH < 5 cm) in each community types were lower than those of evergreen species. In middle size classes (5 cm ≤ DBH < 10 cm), the richness, abundance, basal area and importance value of deciduous species were higher than those of evergreen species in community II, community III and community V. However, in community I and community IV, the evergreen species were larger than deciduous species in the four indexes. The richness of deciduous species in majority of the community types were higher than those of evergreen species in large size classes (DBH ≥ 10 cm). The elevation, slope and aspect, soil total nitrogen content, soil total phosphorus content, soil available nitrogen content and soil available phosphorus content were the major factors affecting evergreen and deciduous species distribution across the five community types.

Key words: community type, the evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forest, environmental factors, ratio of deciduous and evergreen species, quantitative classification

HUANG Yong-Tao,YAO Lan,AI Xun-Ru,LÜ Shi-An,DING Yi. Quantitative classification of the subtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forest and the deciduous and evergreen species composition structure across two national nature reserves in the southwest of Hubei, China[J]. Chin J Plan Ecolo, 2015, 39(10): 990-1002.

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Figures/Tables 7

References 61

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群落类型 Community type	物种 Species	多度 Abundance	胸径 DBH (cm)	重要值 IV	叶习性 Leaf habit
群落I	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	752	6.38	2.48	常绿 Evergreen
Type I	翅柃 Eurya alata	599	4.02	1.12	常绿 Evergreen
	尖连蕊茶 Camellia cuspidata	487	3.64	1.11	常绿 Evergreen
	木荷 Schima superba	248	5.94	0.99	常绿 Evergreen
	山矾 Symplocos sumuntia	535	3.05	0.95	常绿 Evergreen
	锥栗 Castanea henryi	17	53.96	0.83	落叶 Deciduous
	黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata	385	2.85	0.82	常绿 Evergreen
	薄叶山矾 Symplocos anomala	207	3.59	0.39	常绿 Evergreen
	茶条果 Symplocos phyllocalyx	137	3.81	0.38	常绿 Evergreen
	四照花 Dendrobenthamia japonica	70	7.58	0.36	落叶 Deciduous
群落II	川陕鹅耳枥 Carpinus fargesiana	669	4.05	1.28	落叶 Deciduous
Type II	山矾 Symplocos sumuntia	1 007	2.57	1.26	常绿 Evergreen
	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	382	4.84	1.02	常绿 Evergreen
	四照花 Dendrobenthamia japonica	367	3.9	0.84	落叶 Deciduous
	亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	92	15.45	0.78	落叶 Deciduous
	翅柃 Eurya alata	452	2.44	0.65	常绿 Evergreen
	水马桑 Weigela japonica	172	4.51	0.40	落叶 Deciduous
	灯台树 Bothrocaryum controversum	68	8.54	0.36	落叶 Deciduous
	黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata	136	3.13	0.34	常绿 Evergreen
	枫香树 Liquidambar formosana	56	10.92	0.31	落叶 Deciduous
群落III	川陕鹅耳枥 Carpinus fargesiana	1 108	4.03	1.63	落叶 Deciduous
Type III	水马桑 Weigela japonica	843	3.89	1.41	落叶 Deciduous
	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	850	3.93	1.18	常绿 Evergreen
	四照花 Dendrobenthamia japonica	580	3.25	0.82	落叶 Deciduous
	灰柯 Lithocarpus henryi	353	4.90	0.73	常绿 Evergreen
	亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	144	9.80	0.72	落叶 Deciduous
	小叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia	432	4.76	0.68	常绿 Evergreen
	盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	163	7.14	0.57	落叶 Deciduous
	贵定桤叶树 Clethra cavaleriei	355	3.11	0.57	落叶 Deciduous
	山鸡椒 Litsea cubeba	344	3.08	0.57	落叶 Deciduous
群落IV	光叶水青冈 Fagus lucida	325	9.77	1.64	常绿 Evergreen
Type IV	多脉青冈 Cyclobalanopsis multinervis	414	6.87	1.23	落叶 Deciduous
	翅柃 Eurya alata	526	3.13	0.95	常绿 Evergreen
	川陕鹅耳枥 Carpinus fargesiana	140	8.16	0.62	落叶 Deciduous
	宜昌润楠 Machilus ichangensis	77	7.88	0.31	常绿 Evergreen
	交让木 Daphniphyllum macropodum	72	7.12	0.28	常绿 Evergreen
	杜鹃 Rhododendron simsii	196	2.11	0.20	常绿 Evergreen
	荚蒾 Viburnum dilatatum	119	2.04	0.20	落叶 Deciduous
	光叶山矾 Symplocos lancifolia	60	4.28	0.17	常绿 Evergreen
	包果柯 Lithocarpus cleistocarpus	48	7.69	0.17	常绿 Evergreen
群落V	川陕鹅耳枥 Carpinus fargesiana	1 359	7.63	4.67	落叶 Deciduous
Type V	翅柃 Eurya alata	1 710	2.84	2.53	常绿 Evergreen
	包果柯 Lithocarpus cleistocarpus	502	8.13	1.71	常绿 Evergreen
	交让木 Daphniphyllum macropodum	461	5.08	1.53	常绿 Evergreen
	亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	201	12.09	1.40	落叶 Deciduous
	齿缘吊钟花 Enkianthus serrulatus	1 268	3.03	1.37	落叶 Deciduous
	长蕊杜鹃 Rhododendron stamineum	854	3.29	1.17	常绿 Evergreen
	水马桑 Weigela japonica	345	5.56	1.17	落叶 Deciduous
	锥栗 Castanea henryi	145	16.32	1.16	落叶 Deciduous
	石灰花楸 Sorbus folgneri	519	4.91	1.09	落叶 Deciduous

群落类型 Community type	物种 Species	多度 Abundance	胸径 DBH (cm)	重要值 IV	叶习性 Leaf habit
群落I	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	752	6.38	2.48	常绿 Evergreen
Type I	翅柃 Eurya alata	599	4.02	1.12	常绿 Evergreen
	尖连蕊茶 Camellia cuspidata	487	3.64	1.11	常绿 Evergreen
	木荷 Schima superba	248	5.94	0.99	常绿 Evergreen
	山矾 Symplocos sumuntia	535	3.05	0.95	常绿 Evergreen
	锥栗 Castanea henryi	17	53.96	0.83	落叶 Deciduous
	黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata	385	2.85	0.82	常绿 Evergreen
	薄叶山矾 Symplocos anomala	207	3.59	0.39	常绿 Evergreen
	茶条果 Symplocos phyllocalyx	137	3.81	0.38	常绿 Evergreen
	四照花 Dendrobenthamia japonica	70	7.58	0.36	落叶 Deciduous
群落II	川陕鹅耳枥 Carpinus fargesiana	669	4.05	1.28	落叶 Deciduous
Type II	山矾 Symplocos sumuntia	1 007	2.57	1.26	常绿 Evergreen
	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	382	4.84	1.02	常绿 Evergreen
	四照花 Dendrobenthamia japonica	367	3.9	0.84	落叶 Deciduous
	亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	92	15.45	0.78	落叶 Deciduous
	翅柃 Eurya alata	452	2.44	0.65	常绿 Evergreen
	水马桑 Weigela japonica	172	4.51	0.40	落叶 Deciduous
	灯台树 Bothrocaryum controversum	68	8.54	0.36	落叶 Deciduous
	黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata	136	3.13	0.34	常绿 Evergreen
	枫香树 Liquidambar formosana	56	10.92	0.31	落叶 Deciduous
群落III	川陕鹅耳枥 Carpinus fargesiana	1 108	4.03	1.63	落叶 Deciduous
Type III	水马桑 Weigela japonica	843	3.89	1.41	落叶 Deciduous
	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	850	3.93	1.18	常绿 Evergreen
	四照花 Dendrobenthamia japonica	580	3.25	0.82	落叶 Deciduous
	灰柯 Lithocarpus henryi	353	4.90	0.73	常绿 Evergreen
	亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	144	9.80	0.72	落叶 Deciduous
	小叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia	432	4.76	0.68	常绿 Evergreen
	盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	163	7.14	0.57	落叶 Deciduous
	贵定桤叶树 Clethra cavaleriei	355	3.11	0.57	落叶 Deciduous
	山鸡椒 Litsea cubeba	344	3.08	0.57	落叶 Deciduous
群落IV	光叶水青冈 Fagus lucida	325	9.77	1.64	常绿 Evergreen
Type IV	多脉青冈 Cyclobalanopsis multinervis	414	6.87	1.23	落叶 Deciduous
	翅柃 Eurya alata	526	3.13	0.95	常绿 Evergreen
	川陕鹅耳枥 Carpinus fargesiana	140	8.16	0.62	落叶 Deciduous
	宜昌润楠 Machilus ichangensis	77	7.88	0.31	常绿 Evergreen
	交让木 Daphniphyllum macropodum	72	7.12	0.28	常绿 Evergreen
	杜鹃 Rhododendron simsii	196	2.11	0.20	常绿 Evergreen
	荚蒾 Viburnum dilatatum	119	2.04	0.20	落叶 Deciduous
	光叶山矾 Symplocos lancifolia	60	4.28	0.17	常绿 Evergreen
	包果柯 Lithocarpus cleistocarpus	48	7.69	0.17	常绿 Evergreen
群落V	川陕鹅耳枥 Carpinus fargesiana	1 359	7.63	4.67	落叶 Deciduous
Type V	翅柃 Eurya alata	1 710	2.84	2.53	常绿 Evergreen
	包果柯 Lithocarpus cleistocarpus	502	8.13	1.71	常绿 Evergreen
	交让木 Daphniphyllum macropodum	461	5.08	1.53	常绿 Evergreen
	亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	201	12.09	1.40	落叶 Deciduous
	齿缘吊钟花 Enkianthus serrulatus	1 268	3.03	1.37	落叶 Deciduous
	长蕊杜鹃 Rhododendron stamineum	854	3.29	1.17	常绿 Evergreen
	水马桑 Weigela japonica	345	5.56	1.17	落叶 Deciduous
	锥栗 Castanea henryi	145	16.32	1.16	落叶 Deciduous
	石灰花楸 Sorbus folgneri	519	4.91	1.09	落叶 Deciduous

环境因子 Environmental variables	R²	p
海拔 Elevation	0.126 7	0.001^***
坡度 Slope	0.028 5	0.001^***
坡向 Aspect	0.002 4	0.014^*
土壤含水量 Soil water content	0.001 7	0.071
pH	0.002 9	0.059
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter	0.000 7	0.092
土壤全氮 Total nitrogen	0.001 1	0.002^**
土壤全磷 Total phosphorus	0.036 4	0.001^***
土壤碱解氮 Available nitrogen	0.017 8	0.001^***
土壤速效磷 Available phosphorus	0.245 7	0.001^***

环境因子 Environmental variables	R²	p
海拔 Elevation	0.126 7	0.001^***
坡度 Slope	0.028 5	0.001^***
坡向 Aspect	0.002 4	0.014^*
土壤含水量 Soil water content	0.001 7	0.071
pH	0.002 9	0.059
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter	0.000 7	0.092
土壤全氮 Total nitrogen	0.001 1	0.002^**
土壤全磷 Total phosphorus	0.036 4	0.001^***
土壤碱解氮 Available nitrogen	0.017 8	0.001^***
土壤速效磷 Available phosphorus	0.245 7	0.001^***

类型¹⁾ Type¹⁾	物种丰富度²⁾ Species richness²⁾	环境变量³⁾ Environmental variables³⁾										参数⁴⁾ Parameter⁴⁾
类型¹⁾ Type¹⁾	物种丰富度²⁾ Species richness²⁾	E	S	A	SWC	pH	SOM	TN	TP	AN	AP	AIC	p
I	ESR			-0.26		-1.16		1.11				-46.83	0.020*
	DSR		-1.55									-32.35	0.329
II	ESR							1.26	-4.31	2.54	-0.95	-55.14	0.008*
	DSR											-55.29	0.007*
III	ESR											-41.90	0.019*
	DSR	7.85		0.29						-0.68		-64.30	0.032*
IV	ESR			-0.13				4.16		1.96		-11.01	0.021*
	DSR		-1.98									-24.49	0.053
V	ESR								-0.67		-0.57	-107.40	0.022*
	DSR	-2.32										-129.68	0.005*