Vegetation-soil interaction on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and associated microbial driving mechanisms at Hulun Buir Sandy Land

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0107

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Vegetation-soil nutrient interation is a key process in maintaining stability and multifunctionality of terrestrial ecosystems. However, vegetation-soil interaction on carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and the key drivers in promoting plant succession during sandy land restoration are still unclear. In this study, based on ecological stoichiometry theory, the vegetation-soil nutrient interaction in sandy land from the perspective of soil microorganisms was explored, and the limiting factors for ecological restoration of degraded vegetation in sandy land were also investigated.

Methods We selected different landscape types in Hulun Buir Sandy Land, including mobile dunes, semi-mobile dunes, semi-fixed dunes, fixed dunes, and sandy grassland. The space-for-time substitution approach was used to investigate the characteristics of the C, N, and P stochastic geometries of the vegetation-soil coordination equilibrium and the key drivers in the restoration processes. In addition, a correlation analysis between vegetation-soil stoichiometry and soil microbial communities was performed to reveal multiple driving mechanisms of soil physicochemical factors, plant communities, and soil microbial communities on plant-soil stoichiometry during plant restoration in degraded sandy areas.

Important findings 1) With vegetation restoration in degraded sandy land, soil C, N, and P contents, as well as the ratio of C:P and N:P showed significant increasing trends. Conversely, C, N, and P contents and their stoichiometry in living plants and roots did not show clear trends. These results suggest that sandy plant communities are still capable of maintaining their nutrient balance, and that their stoichiometric balance is relatively stable with environmental conditions recover and change. 2) Soil C:P (12.08-38.40) was at a low level, resulting in net soil P mineralization, and microbial decomposition of organic matter was not limited by P, and above-ground plant N:P was all lower than 10, indicating that the growth of vegetation in Hulun Buir Sandy Land was mainly limited by N. 3) Meanwhile, the soil N:P continued to increase, indicating that the supply of soil N gradually increased, while the supply of P gradually decreased, and P could be a limiting element in the later stages of vegetation restoration. 4) During vegetation restoration in the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, soil stoichiometry and pH had direct significant positive effects on plant stoichiometry, while soil microorganisms indirectly affected plant stoichiometry by regulating soil stoichiometry. In addition, the indirect effects of soil moisture, soil texture, and electrical conductivity on soil and plant stoichiometry should not be neglected. Thus, this study provides a theoretical basis for adaptive management and prediction of ecosystem restoration in degraded sandy soils.

Key words: Hulun Buir Sandy Land, desertification, recovery succession, ecological stoichiometry, soil microoganism

YAO Bo, CHEN Yun, CAO Wen-Jie, GONG Xiang-Wen, LUO Yong-Qing, ZHENG Cheng-Zhuo, WANG Xu-Yang, WANG Zheng-Wen, LI Yu-Qiang. Vegetation-soil interaction on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and associated microbial driving mechanisms at Hulun Buir Sandy Land[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(1): 59-73.

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I1/59

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Location map of the study area of Hulun Buir degraded sandy land.

Fig. 2 Plant diversity and biomass in different types of landscapes in Hulun Buir Sandy Land (mean ± SE). FD, fixed dunes; MD, mobile dunes; SFD, semi-fixed dunes; SG, sandy grassland; SMD, semi-mobile dunes. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different landscape types (p < 0.05).

Fig. 3 Plant carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and stoichiometry of different sand types in Hulun Buir Sandy Land (mean ± SE). FD, fixed dunes; MD, mobile dunes; SFD, semi-fixed dunes; SG, sandy grassland; SMD, semi-mobile dunes. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different landscape types (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4 Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and stoichiometry of different sand types in Hulun Buir Sandy Land (mean ± SE). FD, fixed dunes; MD, mobile dunes; SFD, semi-fixed dunes; SG, sandy grassland; SMD, semi-mobile dunes. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different landscape types (p < 0.05).

Fig. 5 Correlation diagram of plant-soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and stoichiometry in Hulun Buir Sandy Land. SOC, TN and TP denote soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus content; PC, PN, and PP denote aboveground plant living carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content; and RC, RN, and RP denote living root carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

Fig. 6 Correlation diagram of plant-soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and stoichiometry with soil bacterial community in Hulun Buir Sandy Land. SOC, TN and TP denote soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus content; PC, PN, and PP denote aboveground plant living carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content; and RC, RN, and RP denote living root carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

Fig. 7 Correlations diagram of plant-soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and stoichiometry with soil fungal community in Hulun Buir Sandy Land. SOC, TN and TP denote soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus content; PC, PN, and PP denote aboveground plant living carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content; and RC, RN, and RP denote living root carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

Fig. 8 Relationships between soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) stoichiometry and soil physicochemical factors and plant community characteristics in Hulun Buir Sandy Land. 2-0.05 mm indicates soil mechanical composition; Aboveground, aboveground biomass; BD, soil density; Belowground, belowground biomass; DF, dominance by grasses and sedges; EC, soil conductivity; FM, soil field water holding capacity; Pielou, species evenness; SM, soil saturated moisture; SOC, soil organic carbon content; TN, total nitrogen content; TP, total phosphorus content.

Fig. 9 Relationship between plant carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) stoichiometry and soil physicochemical factors and plant community characteristics in Hulun Buir Sandy Land. 2-0.05 mm indicates soil mechanical composition; aboveground, aboveground biomass; BD, soil density; belowground, belowground biomass; DF, dominance by forbs; EC, soil conductivity; FM, soil field water holding capacity; Pielou, species evenness; SM, soil saturated moisture; PC, PN, PP, aboveground plant living carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus content; RC, RN, RP, living root carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus content.

Fig. 10 Driving path analysis of vegetation-soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in Hulun Buir Sandy Land. Soil texture: soil mechanical composition 0.25-0.1 mm, 0.1-0.05 mm; soil moisture: soil field water holding capacity and saturated moisture; microbial community: first axis of fungal community principal component of analysis; soil stoichiometry: soil organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, soil organic carbon:total nitrogen, total nitrogen:total phosphorus; vegetation biomass: aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, total biomass; plant stoichiometry: aboveground plant living carbon content, aboveground plant living nitrogen content, aboveground plant living carbon:nitrogen, living root phosphorus content living root carbon:nitrogen. *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001. The model fit is assessed using the GOF value.

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