Phenological dynamics of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium stoichiometry in Chenopodium quinoa in northwest Yunnan, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0226

Abstract

Abstract:

Ams Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are key elements for plant growth and development. Exploring the ecological stoichiometry characteristics of N, P and K in different phenological stages is of great significance for understanding the physio-ecological processes such as nutrient limitation, resource absorption and utilization, and biomass allocation of plants.
Methods Here, we collected root, stem, leaf and spike samples of Chenopodium quinoa in different phenological stages, and measured the concentrations of N, P and K. We compared the differences of N, P, K contents and their ratios among roots, stems, leaves and spikes and among phenological stages, and analyzed their relationships with the biomass allocations.
Important findings (1) The mean N contents was 9.28, 12.22, 33.68, 31.28 mg·g^-1in the roots, stems, leaves and spikes, respectively. The breakdowns was 2.64, 3.71, 4.98, 5.68 mg·g^-1 for P contents, and 25.63, 43.80, 74.08, 56.73 mg·g^-1 for K contents, respectively. These resulted in mean N:P of 4.66, 4.20, 7.37, 5.70, N:K of 0.39, 0.31, 0.46, 0.62, and K:P of 13.77, 14.31, 16.82, 9.79 in the roots, stems, leaves and spikes, respectively. (2) The root, stem, and spike N, P and K and the leaf N and P contents decreased significantly with the phenological subsequences, reflecting the obvious dilution effect of biomass. On the contrary, the leaf K contents increased significantly with phenological subsequences, indicating an extremely strong drought resistance mechanism of C. quinoa under drought stress. The allocation ratios of N, P, K and biomass in the roots and stems kept stable, those in the leaves decreased, while those in the spikes increased with the phenological subsequences, indicating that the key resource allocation regulation of leaves and spikes occurred during the flowering stage. As the biomass increased in the filling stage, the nutrient elements gradually transferred to the spikes. (3) The variation source analysis revealed a greater contribution of organs to the variance of N, K contents and N:P, while a less one to the variance of P contents, than the phenological stages. (4) The allocation ratios of N, P, K and biomass were coupled among various organs. Specifically, the allocation ratios of root and leaf biomass showed a positive correlation with those of the root and leaf N, P and K, while a negative correlation with those of the spike N, P and K. The biomass allocation ratio of spike was positively correlated with spike N, P and K allocation ratios, while negatively correlated with root and leaf N, P and K allocation ratios. These results provided theoretical reference for further understanding of crop phenological character and guiding practical production in alpine regions.

Key words: ecological stoichiometry, phenological stage, Chenopodium quinoa, northwestern Yunnan of China

LI Zhao-Guang, YANG Wen-Gao, HE Gui-Qing, XU Tian-Cai, HE Qiong-Ji, HOU Zhi-Jiang, LI Yan, XUE Run-Guang. Phenological dynamics of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium stoichiometry in Chenopodium quinoa in northwest Yunnan, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(5): 724-732.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0226

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2023/V47/I5/724

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents in Chenopodium quinoa at different phenological stages (mean ± SE). Different uppercase and lowercase letters indicate that different organs are significantly different in the same phenological stage and the same organs are significantly different in different phenological stages (p < 0.05), respectively.

Fig. 2 Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents ratios in Chenopodium quinoa at different phenological stages (mean ± SE). Different uppercase and lowercase letters indicate that different organs are significantly different in the same phenological stage and the same organs are significantly different in different phenological stages (p < 0.05), respectively.

Fig. 3 Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) allocation ratios in Chenopodium quinoa at different phenological stages (mean ± SE). Different uppercase and lowercase letters indicate that different organs are significantly different in the same phenological stage and the same organs are significantly different in different phenological stages (p < 0.05), respectively.

Fig. 4 Biomass allocation ratios in Chenopodium quinoa at different phenological stages (mean ± SE). Different uppercase and lowercase letters indicate that different organs are significantly different in the same phenological stage and the same organs are significantly different in different phenological stages (p < 0.05), respectively.

Table 1 Pearson correlation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and biomass allocation ratios in Chenopodium quinoa

器官 Organ	元素 Element	生物量分配比 Biomass allocation ratios (%)
器官 Organ	元素 Element	根 Root	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf	穗 Spike
根 Root	N	0.815^**	0.065	0.650^*	-0.784^**
	P	0.770^**	0.279	0.512	-0.704^*
	K	0.601^*	0.451	0.243	-0.471
茎 Stem	N	0.408	0.711^**	-0.139	-0.158
	P	0.805^**	0.182	0.616^*	-0.779^**
	K	0.107	-0.119	0.096	-0.084
叶 Leaf	N	0.612^*	-0.412	0.994^**	-0.904^**
	P	0.685^*	-0.315	0.965^**	-0.922^**
	K	0.650^*	-0.289	0.969^**	-0.921^**
穗 Spike	N	-0.829^**	0.065	-0.924^**	0.985^**
	P	-0.896^**	0.008	-0.886^**	0.986^**
	K	-0.741^**	0.145	-0.872^**	0.900^**

Table 2 Variation source analysis of contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and their ratios in Chenopodium quinoa

因素 Factor	项目 Item	df	F	p
器官 Organ	N	3	305.65	<0.001
	P	3	25.04	<0.001
	K	3	89.91	<0.001
	N:P	3	9.08	<0.001
	N:K	3	14.78	<0.001
	K:P	3	2.39	0.09
物候期 Phenological stage	N	3	24.44	<0.001
	P	3	39.93	<0.001
	K	3	23.15	<0.001
	N:P	3	7.45	<0.001
	N:K	3	1.50	0.23
	K:P	3	2.39	0.09
交互作用 Interaction	N	9	3.55	<0.001
	P	9	1.14	0.36
	K	9	12.21	<0.001
	N:P	9	2.04	0.07
	N:K	9	3.62	<0.001
	K:P	9	1.82	0.10

References 42

[1]	Andrés Z, Pérez-Hormaeche J, Leidi EO, Schlücking K, Steinhorst L, McLachlan DH, Schumacher K, Hetherington AM, Kudla J, Cubero B, Pardo JM (2014). Control of vacuolar dynamics and regulation of stomatal aperture by tonoplast potassium uptake. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, E1806-E1814.
[2]	Baldwin DS, Rees GN, Mitchell AM, Watson G, Williams J (2006). The short-term effects of salinization on anaerobic nutrient cycling and microbial community structure in sediment from a freshwater wetland. Wetlands, 26, 455-464. DOI URL
[3]	Cai Q, Ding JX, Zhang ZL, Hu J, Wang QT, Yin MZ, Liu Q, Yin HJ (2019). Distribution patterns and driving factors of leaf C, N and P stoichiometry of coniferous species on the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 43, 1048-1060. DOI
	[蔡琴, 丁俊祥, 张子良, 胡君, 汪其同, 尹明珍, 刘庆, 尹华军 (2019). 青藏高原东缘主要针叶树种叶片碳氮磷化学计量分布格局及其驱动因素. 植物生态学报, 43, 1048-1060.] DOI
[4]	Funk JL, Larson JE, Ames GM, Butterfield BJ, Cavender-Bares J, Firn J, Laughlin DC, Sutton-Grier AE, Williams L, Wright J (2017). Revisiting the Holy Grail: using plant functional traits to understand ecological processes. Biological Reviews, 92, 1156-1173. DOI URL
[5]	Gómez-Caravaca AM, Iafelice G, Lavini A, Pulvento C, Caboni MF, Marconi E (2012). Phenolic compounds and saponins in quinoa samples (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) grown under different saline and nonsaline irrigation regimens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60, 4620-4627. DOI PMID
[6]	Güsewell S (2004). N:P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and functional significance. New Phytologist, 164, 243-266. DOI PMID
[7]	Han WX, Fang JY, Guo DL, Zhang Y (2005). Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry across 753 terrestrial plant species in China. New Phytologist, 168, 377-385. DOI PMID
[8]	Hariadi Y, Marandon K, Tian Y, Jacobsen SE, Shabala S (2011). Ionic and osmotic relations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) plants grown at various salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62, 185-193. DOI PMID
[9]	He JS, Fang JY, Wang ZH, Guo DL, Flynn DFB, Geng Z (2006). Stoichiometry and large-scale patterns of leaf carbon and nitrogen in the grassland biomes of China. Oecologia, 149, 115-122. DOI URL
[10]	He JS, Han XG (2010). Ecological stoichiometry: searching for unifying principles from individuals to ecosystems. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 34, 2-6.
	[贺金生, 韩兴国 (2010). 生态化学计量学:探索从个体到生态系统的统一化理论. 植物生态学报, 34, 2-6.] DOI
[11]	Koerselman W, Meuleman AFM (1996). The vegetation N:P ratio: a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 1441-1450. DOI URL
[12]	Kong WW, Wang XF, Lu HY, Liu TT, Gong XJ, Liu H, Yuan XZ (2020). Ecological stoichiometry of four typical herbaceous species in the littoral zone of Three Gorges Reservoir. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 40, 4493-4506.
	[孔维苇, 王晓锋, 卢虹宇, 刘婷婷, 龚小杰, 刘欢, 袁兴中 (2020). 三峡库区消落带4种典型草本植物的生态化学计量特征. 生态学报, 40, 4493-4506.]
[13]	Koyro HW, Eisa SS (2008). Effect of salinity on composition, viability and germination of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Plant and Soil, 302, 79-90. DOI URL
[14]	Li H, Crabbe MJC, Xu F, Wang W, Niu R, Gao X, Zhang P, Chen H (2017). Seasonal variations in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and C:N:P stoichiometry in the leaves of differently aged Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. plantations. Forests, 8, 373. DOI: 10.3390/f8100373. DOI
[15]	Liu MG, Wang SJ, Lu JY, Yang M, Yang HM (2018). Response of C, N and P stoichiometry of Chenopodium quinoa to phenological phase in the Hexi Corridor. Arid Zone Research, 35, 192-198.
	[刘敏国, 王士嘉, 陆姣云, 杨梅, 杨惠敏 (2018). 河西走廊藜麦C、N、P生态化学计量学特征对物候期的响应. 干旱区研究, 35, 192-198.]
[16]	Lu ZF, Lu JW, Pan YH, Lu PP, Li XK, Cong RH, Ren T (2016). Physiological mechanisms in potassium regulation of plant photosynthesis. Plant Physiology Journal, 52, 1773-1784.
	[陆志峰, 鲁剑巍, 潘勇辉, 鲁飘飘, 李小坤, 丛日环, 任涛 (2016). 钾素调控植物光合作用的生理机制. 植物生理学报, 52, 1773-1784.]
[17]	Niu DC, Li Q, Jiang SG, Chang PJ, Fu H (2013). Seasonal variations of leaf C:N:P stoichiometry of six shrubs in desert of China’s Alxa Plateau. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 37, 317-325. DOI URL
	[牛得草, 李茜, 江世高, 常佩静, 傅华 (2013). 阿拉善荒漠区6种主要灌木植物叶片C:N:P化学计量比的季节变化. 植物生态学报, 37, 317-325.] DOI
[18]	Olde Venterink H, Wassen MJ, Verkroost AWM, de Ruiter PC (2003). Species richness-productivity patterns differ between N-, P- and K-limited wetlands. Ecology, 84, 2191-2199. DOI URL
[19]	Orgeas J, Ourcival JM, Bonin G (2003). Seasonal and spatial patterns of foliar nutrients in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) growing on siliceous soils in Provence (France). Plant Ecology, 164, 201-211. DOI URL
[20]	Qin H, Li JX, Gao SP, Li C, Li R, Shen XH (2010). Characteristics of leaf element contents for eight nutrients across 660 terrestrial plant species in China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30, 1247-1257.
	[秦海, 李俊祥, 高三平, 李铖, 李蓉, 沈兴华 (2010). 中国660种陆生植物叶片8种元素含量特征. 生态学报, 30, 1247-1257.]
[21]	Reich PB, Oleksyn J (2004). Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 11001-11006. DOI PMID
[22]	Ren YF (2018). Characterization of the Growth and Development, Water and Fertilizer Utilization and Yield Formation of Quinoa in the Northern Yinshan Mountain of Inner Mongolia. PhD dissertation, China Agricultural University, Beijing.
	[任永峰 (2018). 内蒙古阴山北麓藜麦生长发育、水肥利用和产量形成特性研究. 博士学位论文, 中国农业大学, 北京.]
[23]	Sadaqat SS, Shi LX, Li ZJ, Ren GX, Qin PY (2020). Yield, agronomic and forage quality traits of different quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes in Northeast China. Agronomy, 10, 1908. DOI: 10.3390/ agronomy10121908. DOI
[24]	Sheng ZL, Huang XX, Cai XY, He KJ, Zhang LL (2016). Analysis of vegetation and soil characteristics alongside trails in Yak Meadow Park, Jade Dragon Mountain. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 25(2), 1-9.
	[盛芝露, 黄晓霞, 蔡兴元, 和克俭, 张丽丽 (2016). 玉龙雪山牦牛坪景区路径沿线的植被及土壤特征分析. 草业学报, 25(2), 1-9.] DOI
[25]	Sterner RW, Elser JJ (2002). Ecological Stoichiometry: the Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
[26]	Tan M, Temel S (2018). Performance of some quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes grown in different climate conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 23, 180-186.
[27]	Tang ZY, Xu WT, Zhou GY, Bai YF, Li JX, Tang XL, Chen DM, Liu Q, Ma WH, Xiong GM, He HL, He NP, Guo YP, Guo Q, Zhu JL, et al. (2018). Patterns of plant carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration in relation to productivity in Chinaʼs terrestrial ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, 4033-4038.
[28]	Tian D, Kattge J, Chen Y, Han W, Luo Y, He J, Hu H, Tang Z, Ma S, Yan Z, Lin Q, Schmid B, Fang J (2019). A global database of paired leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of terrestrial plants. Ecology, 100, e02812. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2812. DOI
[29]	Tian D, Yan ZB, Fang JY (2018). Plant stoichiometry: a research frontier in ecology. Chinese Journal of Nature, 40, 235-241. DOI
	[田地, 严正兵, 方精云 (2018). 植物化学计量学: 一个方兴未艾的生态学研究方向. 自然杂志, 40, 235-241.] DOI
[30]	Tian D, Yan ZB, Fang JY (2021). Review on the characteristics and main hypotheses of plant ecological stoichiometry. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 45, 682-713. DOI URL
	[田地, 严正兵, 方精云 (2021). 植物生态化学计量特征及其主要假说. 植物生态学报, 45, 682-713.] DOI
[31]	Wei YM, Yang FR, Liu WY, Huang J, Jin Q (2018). Regulation of nutrient accumulation and distribution in quinoa at different growth stages. Pratacultural Science, 35, 1720-1727.
	[魏玉明, 杨发荣, 刘文瑜, 黄杰, 金茜 (2018). 藜麦不同生育期营养物质积累与分配规律. 草业科学, 35, 1720-1727.]
[32]	Wu TG, Wu M, Liu L, Xiao JH (2010). Seasonal variations of leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of three herbaceous species in Hangzhou Bay coastal wetlands, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 34, 23-28.
	[吴统贵, 吴明, 刘丽, 萧江华 (2010). 杭州湾滨海湿地3种草本植物叶片N、P化学计量学的季节变化. 植物生态学报, 34, 23-28.] DOI
[33]	Xiong XS, Cai HY, Li YQ, Ma WH, Niu KC, Chen DM, Liu NN, Su XY, Jing HY, Feng XJ, Zeng H, Wang ZH (2020). Seasonal dynamics of leaf C, N and P stoichiometry in plants of typical steppe in Nei Mongol, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 44, 1138-1153. DOI URL
	[熊星烁, 蔡宏宇, 李耀琪, 马文红, 牛克昌, 陈迪马, 刘娜娜, 苏香燕, 景鹤影, 冯晓娟, 曾辉, 王志恒 (2020). 内蒙古典型草原植物叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征的季节动态. 植物生态学报, 44, 1138-1153.]
[34]	Yan BG, He GX, Li JC, Qian KJ, Kui JR, Pan ZX, Shi LT, Ji ZH (2013). Changes of plant leaf N, P, and K concentrations and species dominance in an arid-hot valley after ecosystem restoration. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 24, 956-960.
	[闫帮国, 何光熊, 李纪潮, 钱坤建, 奎建蕊, 潘志贤, 史亮涛, 纪中华 (2013). 生态系统恢复后干热河谷植物叶片N、P、K含量及物种优势度的变化. 应用生态学报, 24, 956-960.]
[35]	Yang FR, Huang J, Wei YM, Li MQ, He XG, Zheng J (2017). A review of biological characteristics, applications, and culture of Chenopodium quinoa. Pratacultural Science, 34, 607-613.
	[杨发荣, 黄杰, 魏玉明, 李敏权, 何学功, 郑健 (2017). 藜麦生物学特性及应用. 草业科学, 34, 607-613.]
[36]	Yang SF, Pang CH, Zhang YQ, Hua YH, He X, Yang Y (2017). Growth and physiological characteristics of Quinoa inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different nitrogen levels. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 37, 1323-1330.
	[杨世芳, 庞春花, 张永清, 华艳宏, 贺笑, 杨洋 (2017). 不同施氮水平下丛枝菌根真菌对藜麦生长和根系生理特征的影响. 西北植物学报, 37, 1323-1330.]
[37]	Yang WG, Zi HB, Chen KY, Ade LJ, Hu L, Wang X, Wang GX, Wang CT (2019). Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of shrubs and soils in different forest types in Qinghai, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 43, 352-364. DOI URL
	[杨文高, 字洪标, 陈科宇, 阿的鲁骥, 胡雷, 王鑫, 王根绪, 王长庭 (2019). 青海森林生态系统中灌木层和土壤生态化学计量特征. 植物生态学报, 43, 352-364.] DOI
[38]	Yu Q, Chen QS, Elser JJ, He NP, Wu HH, Zhang GM, Wu JG, Bai YF, Han XG (2010). Linking stoichiometric homoeostasis with ecosystem structure, functioning and stability. Ecology Letters, 13, 1390-1399. DOI PMID
[39]	Zeng DH, Chen GS (2005). Ecological stoichiometry: a science to explore the complexity of living systems. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 29, 1007-1019.
	[曾德慧, 陈广生 (2005). 生态化学计量学: 复杂生命系统奥秘的探索. 植物生态学报, 29, 1007-1019.] DOI
[40]	Zhang JH, He NP, Liu CC, Xu L, Yu Q, Yu GR (2018). Allocation strategies for nitrogen and phosphorus in forest plants. Oikos, 127, 1506-1514. DOI URL
[41]	Zhang W, Liu WC, Xu MP, Deng J, Han XH, Yang GH, Feng YZ, Ren GX (2019). Response of forest growth to C:N:P stoichiometry in plants and soils during Robinia pseudoacacia afforestation on the Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma, 337, 280-289. DOI
[42]	Zhao H, Jia YL, Wang QF (2014). Statistical characteristics of C-N-P stoichiometry in Chinese zonal forest and farmland ecosystems. Quaternary Sciences, 34, 803-814.
	[赵航, 贾彦龙, 王秋凤 (2014). 中国地带性森林和农田生态系统C-N-P化学计量统计特征. 第四纪研究, 34, 803-814.]