Effects of moss crust inoculation on soil properties and microbial communities in alpine meadow in Sanjiangyuan, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0145

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Most of the grasslands in the Sanjiangyuan area are degraded to varying degrees, and planting artificial grassland is an important measure to restore the ecological function of severely degraded grasslands. Moss crust affects soil nutrient cycling and the structure of microbial communities, so it is critical to investigate the feasibility of using moss crust to promote the restoration of degraded grasslands to understand the ecological role of bioconjugate crusts and develop reasonable and effective ecological restoration measures.

Methods In this study, four different grass combinations and three types of moss crust inoculation were set up to investigate the effects of moss crust inoculation on the soil microenvironment of artificial grassland in the “black soil beach” of Sanjiangyuan.

Important findings Moss crusts increased soil organic carbon, available phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen contents, and nitrate nitrogen contents, and available nutrients content were significantly higher in the artificial grassland than in the “black soil beach”. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflex, and Firmicutes were the top 5 dominant taxa in terms of mean relative abundance at the phylum level for bacteria, while Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, unclassied_k_Fungi, and Olpidiomycota were the top 5 dominant taxa in terms of mean relative abundance at the phylum level for fungi. With the increase of moss crust inoculation, the number of bacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) decreased and the number of fungal OTUs increased, and the moss crust inoculation did not significantly affect the microbial diversity index. The mixed-effects model results indicated that the moss crust significantly had a significant effect on the effective phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen contents, and microorganisms affecting their accumulation. Redundancy analysis shows that the bacterial community structure is susceptible to soil factors. Mantel test results showed that moss crust A1 (700 g·m^-2) inoculation had a significant effect on bacterial community composition than fungal community. Additionally, effective phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen contents were positively correlated with the bacterial community. The above findings suggest that moss crust inoculation may affect soil nutrient accumulation and cycling by altering the microbial community environment, as well as promote the recovery of ecological function of the artificial grassland in Sanjiangyuan, providing a theoretical basis for future research into moss crust addition to restore the ecological function of soil in extremely degraded grassland.

Key words: moss crust, artificial grassland, soil nutrients, soil microorganisms

MA Lu-Hua, MENG Xian-Chao, WANG Gui-Qiang, MA Zi-Feng, LI Yi-Kang, LI Yue-Mei, ZHOU Hua-Kun, ZHANG Fa-Wei, LIN Li. Effects of moss crust inoculation on soil properties and microbial communities in alpine meadow in Sanjiangyuan, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(1): 173-188.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0145

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I1/173

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1 Grass combinations and moss crust inoculation in artificial grasslands in Sanjingyuan

禾草组合 Grass combination	藓类结皮接种 Moss crust inoculation	嵌套方式 Nesting approach
CK	Blank	“黑土滩”, 无藓类结皮添加 Black soil beach, no moss crust inoculation
	A1	“黑土滩” +藓类结皮A1添加 Black soil beach + moss crust A1 inoculation
	A2	“黑土滩” +藓类结皮A2添加 Black soil beach + moss crust A2 inoculation
SFXF	Blank	上繁草+下繁草, 无藓类结皮添加 Upper bushy grass + lower bushy grass, no moss crust inoculation
	A1	上繁草+下繁草+藓类结皮A1添加 Upper bushy grass + lower bushy grass + moss crust A1 inoculation
	A2	上繁草+下繁草+藓类结皮A2添加 Upper bushy grass + lower bushy grass + moss crust A2 inoculation
SF	Blank	上繁草, 无藓类结皮添加 Upper bushy grass, no moss crust inoculation
	A1	上繁草+藓类结皮A1添加 Upper bushy grass + moss crust A1 inoculation
	A2	上繁草+藓类结皮A2添加 Upper bushy grass + moss crust A2 inoculation
XF	Blank	下繁草, 无藓类结皮添加 Lower bushy grass, no moss crust inoculation
	A1	下繁草+藓类结皮A1添加 Lower bushy grass + moss crust A1 inoculation
	A2	下繁草+藓类结皮A2添加 Lower bushy grass + moss crust A2 inoculation

Fig. 1 Mosses grow naturally (A) and in experimental fields (B, C).

Fig. 2 Soil nutrient and stoichiometric ratios after inoculation with moss crusts in artificial grasslands in Sanjingyuan. A1, moss crust addition 700 g·m-2; A2, moss crust addition 350 g·m-2; Blank, no moss crust addition. CK, black soil bank; SF, upper bushy grass combination; SFXF, upper bushy grass + lower bushy grass combination; XF, lower bushy grass combination. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments with varying amounts of moss crust inoculation (p < 0.05), while uppercase letters indicate significant differences between grass combinations (p < 0.05). SOC, soil organic carbon content; TN, total nitrogen content; TP, total phosphorus content.

Fig. 3 Relative abundance of soil microorganisms after inoculation with moss crusts in artificial grasslands in Sanjingyuan. A, no moss crust inoculation bacterial abundance. B, A1 moss crust inoculation bacterial abundance. C, A2 moss crust inoculation bacterial abundance. D, no moss crust inoculation fungal abundance. E, A1 moss crust inoculation fungal abundance. F, A2 moss crust inoculation fungal abundance. A1, moss crust addition 700 g·m-2; A2, moss crust addition 350 g·m-2. CK, black soil bank; SF, upper bushy grass combination; SFXF, upper bushy grass + lower bushy grass combination; XF, lower bushy grass combination.

Fig. 4 Venn diagram of microorganisms in moss crusts after inoculation of artificial grasslands in the Sanjiangyuan. A, no moss crust inoculation bacteria Venn diagram. B, A1 moss crust inoculation bacteria Venn diagram. C, A2 moss crust inoculation bacteria Venn diagram. D, no moss crust inoculation fungal Venn diagram. E, A1 moss crust inoculation fungal Venn diagram. F, A2 moss crust inoculation fungal Venn diagram. A1, moss crust addition 700 g·m-2; A2, moss crust addition 350 g·m-2. CK, black soil bank; SF, upper bushy grass combination; SFXF, upper bushy grass + lower bushy grass combination; XF, lower bushy grass combination.

Fig. 5 Bacterial (A, B) and fungal (C, D) diversity after inoculation of moss crusts artificial grasslands in the Sanjiangyuan. A1, moss crust addition 700 g·m-2; A2, moss crust addition 350 g·m-2. CK, black soil bank; SF, upper bushy grass combination; SFXF, upper bushy grass + lower bushy grass combination; XF, lower bushy grass combination.

Table 2 Results of mixed-effects model analyses of grass combination and moss crust inoculation on soil physicochemical properties

固定效应 Fixed effect	有机碳含量 SOC content		有效磷含量 AP content		铵态氮含量 NH+ 4-N content		硝态氮含量 NO- 3-N content		TN:TP
固定效应 Fixed effect	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
禾草组合 Grass combination	1.719	0.238	6.959	0.218	0.962	0.345	12.962	0.003^**	6.754	0.018^*
藓类结皮 Moss crust	1.573	0.249	5.285	0.030^*	1.212	0.029^*	1.608	0.022^*	0.001	0.981
禾草组合×藓类结皮 Grass combination × moss crust	1.15	0.318	3.298	0.082	1.987	0.185	1.708	0.216	2.568	0.013^*

Table 3 Results of mixed-effects model analyses of grass combination and moss crust inoculation on soil bacteria

固定效应 Fixed effect	放线菌门 Actinobacteriota		变形菌门 Proteobacteria		酸杆菌门 Acidobacteriota
固定效应 Fixed effect	F	p	F	p	F	p
禾草组合 Grass combination	1.286	0.284	5.894	0.026^*	2.888	0.110
藓类结皮 Moss crust	2.186	0.016^*	5.099	0.033^*	2.209	0.016^*
禾草组合×藓类结皮 Grass combination × moss crust	0.933	0.355	8.458	0.007^**	3.132	0.099

Table 4 Results of mixed-effects model analyses of grass combination and moss crust inoculation on soil fungi

固定效应 Fixed effect	子囊菌门 Ascomycota		担子菌门 Basidiomycota		被孢菌门 Mortierellomycota
固定效应 Fixed effect	F	p	F	p	F	p
禾草组合 Grass combination	1.476	0.245	0.048	0.830	5.266	0.05
藓类结皮 Moss crust	0.008	0.031^*	0.474	0.049^*	1.233	0.295
禾草组合×藓类结皮 Grass combination × moss crust	2.379	0.138	0.059	0.81	7.168	0.025^*

Fig. 6 Pearson correlation analysis of edaphic factors with soil microbial bacteria (A) and fungi (B). AP, soil available phosphorus content; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO3--N, nitrate nitrogen content; SOC, soil organic carbon content. Chao1, richness index; Shannon-Wiener, Shannon-Wiener diversity index.

Fig. 7 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of edaphic factors with soil microbial bacteria (A) and fungi (B). The dashed arrows are species variables, and the solid-line arrows are environmental variables: SOC, soil organic carbon content; AP, soil available phosphorus content; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO3--N, nitrate nitrogen content; A1, moss crust addition 700 g·m-2; A2, moss crust addition 350 g·m-2; CK, black soil bank.

Fig. 8 Mantel test analysis of soil factors and microorganisms. A, No moss crust inoculation. B, Moss crust A1 inoculation. C, Moss crust A2 inoculation. AP, soil available phosphorus content; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO3--N, nitrate nitrogen content; SOC, soil organic carbon content; TN, total nitrogen content; TP, total phosphorus content. BChao1, bacterial Chao1 richness index; BShannon-Wiener, bacterial Shannon-Wiener diversity index; FChao1, fungal Chao1 richness index; FShannon, fungal Shannon-Wiener diversity index.

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