Relationship analysis between soil moisture in root zone and top-most layer in China

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00001

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims It is more difficult to determine soil moisture in root zones (RSM) than soil moisture in the top-most layer (TSM). The relationship between TSM and RSM based on point A is useful for acquiring RSM at point B from its TSM if the relationship between TSM and RSM is general. The general relationships established so far have been based on only one crop or one ecosystem. Our aims are to determine the general relationship between TSM and RSM in China over various crops and ecosystems and to explore the effects of ecosystem, soil property, precipitation, vegetation, soil thickness and the order of magnitude of soil moisture on the relationship.
Methods We used 3437 pairs of TSM and DSM data from 31 stations at 109 observation sites. The data represent all the terrestrial ecosystems, including forest, grass, agriculture, desert and mire, in 2006 from the China Ecosystem Research Network. We used linear regression in mathematics and effect analysis in physics to study the general relationship between TSM and RSM and to determine the influence of ecosystem, soil property, precipitation, vegetation, soil thickness, the order of magnitude of soil moisture on the relationship. The data are divided into calibration and verification groups for producing the relationship.
Important findings There is generally a linear relationship between TSM and RSM. The coefficient of determination (R²) between RSM and TSM is high for forest and mire ecosystems (R² > 0.79 for both calibration and verification), intermediate for agricultural (R ² > 0.80 for calibration and 0.70 for verification) and grass ecosystems (R ² > 0.80 for calibration and 0.50 for verification) and low for desert ecosystem (R ² = 0.62 for calibration and 0.49 for verification). The effect of soil properties on the relationship is similar to that of ecosystem, with mire ecosystem corresponding to meadow soil with white pulp, desert ecosystem corresponding to aeolian soil, grass ecosystem corresponding to sandy-loam and sandy soil, forest ecosystem corresponding to loam and agricultural ecosystem corresponding to various soil types. The spatial variability of the parameters for the relationship is very high for soil moisture within semi-humid, semi-arid and arid zones and low for humid zone. The relationship is similar among very-humid zone, loam and forest ecosystem. The effect of vegetation on the relationship can be divided into four categories: poor relationship due to the influence of vegetation itself, poor regional relationship due to the difference between the location sites of vegetation, good relationship at single point and good relationship over a region. It is not recommended to derive the RSM from TSM based on the relationship for the first two categories. It is suitable to use the relationship only at single point for the third category. And it is practicable to use the regional relationship to derive RSM from TSM for the fourth category. Correlation is higher between TSM and RSM where the soil layer is thicker. The R² can remain as high as 0.79 when the soil layer is as thick as 100 cm. By scaling the original soil moisture data with maximum value, it is found there is no effect of the order of the magnitude of soil moisture on the relationship.

Key words: ecosystem, precipitation, soil property, soil thickness, the order of the magnitude of soil moisture, top-most layer and root zone layer soil moisture, vegetation

LIU Su-Xia, XING Bo, YUAN Guo-Fu, MO Xing-Guo, LIN Zhong-Hui. Relationship analysis between soil moisture in root zone and top-most layer in China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(1): 1-17.

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Figures/Tables 16

References 35

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生态系统 Ecosystem	序号 No.	观测站名 Observation station name	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	观测场数 Number of observation fields	多年平均年降水量Average annual precipitation (mm)	土壤质地 Soil texture	主要土地覆被类型 Major land cover type
农田生态系统 Agriculture ecosystem	1	海伦 Hailun	126°38′	47°26′	6	550	黏土 Clay	大豆、狗尾草、小麦 Glycine max, Setaria faberii, Triticum aestivum
	2	沈阳 Shenyang	123°24′	41°31′	1	675	壤土 Loam	玉米 Zea may
	3	禹城 Yucheng	116°36′	36°57′	2	610	壤土 Loam	小麦-玉米、草 Triticum aestivum-Zea may, grass
	4	封丘 Fengqiu	114°32′	35°01′	5	605	砂壤土 Sandy loam	小麦-玉米、荒草 Triticum aestivum-Zea may, grass
	5	栾城 Luancheng	114°41′	37°53′	2	537	砂壤土 Sandy loam	小麦-玉米、草 Triticum aestivum-Zea may, grass
	6	常熟 Changshu	120°42′	31°33′	2	1038	壤土 Loam	小麦-水稻、草 Triticum aestivum-Oryza sativa, grass
	7	桃源 Taoyuan	111°27′	28°55′	8	1450	黏壤土 Clay loam	自然植被、水稻、油菜-红薯-萝卜、茶、柑橘 Natural vegetation, Oryza sativa, Brassica chinensis-Ipomoea batatas-Raphanus sativus, Camellia sinensis, Citrus reticulata
	8	鹰潭 Yingtan	116°55′	28°15′	3	1795	黏土 Clay	花生、水稻、草 Arachis hypogaea, Oryza sativa, grass
	9	千烟州 Qianyanzhou	115°04′	26°45′	2	1542	壤土 Loam	柑橘 Citrus reticulata
	10	盐亭 Yanting	105°27′	31°16′	4	826	黏壤土 Clay loam	小麦-玉米、油菜、草 Triticum aestivum-Zea mays, Brassica chinensis, grass
	11	安塞 Ansai	109°19′	36°51′	6	500	壤土 Loam	自然荒草、玉米、谷子 Natural grass, Zea mays, Pennisetum glaucum
	12	长武 Changwu	107°40′	35°12′	4	584	壤土 Loam	冬小麦、草 Triticum aestivum, grass
	13	拉萨 Lhasa	91°21′	29°41′	2	400	砂壤土 Sandy loam	春青稞、草 Hordeum vulgare, grass
森林生态系统 Forest ecosystem	14	长白山 Changbaishan	128°06′	42°24′	2	713	壤土 Loam
	15	北京 Beijing	115°26′	40°00′	6	595	壤土 Loam
	16	会同 Huitong	109°35′	26°47′	3	1300	黏土 Clay	人工林、常绿阔叶林 Plantation, evergreen broad-leaved forest
	17	鼎湖山 Dinghushan	112°32′	23°10′	3	1956	壤土 Loam	季风林、马尾松林、针阔混交林 Monsoon forest, Pinus massoniana forest, mixed wood of needle leaf forest and broad leaf forest
	18	鹤山 Heshan	112°54′	22°41′	2	1801	壤土 Loam
	19	茂县 Maoxian	103°54′	31°41′	3	825	壤土 Loam
生态系统 Ecosystem	序号 No.	观测站名 Observation station name	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	观测场数 Number of observation fields	多年平均年降水量Average annual precipitation (mm)	土壤质地 Soil texture	主要土地覆被类型 Major land cover type
	20	贡嘎山 Gonggashan	102°00′	29°34′	2	1300	砂土 Sandy soil	峨嵋冷杉成熟林 Mature forest of Abies fabr in E’mei
	21	哀牢山 Ailaoshan	101°01′	24°32′	4	1931	壤土 Loam	湿性常绿阔叶林、山顶苔藓矮林、滇山杨次生林、热带橡胶林 Moisture evergreen broad-leaved forest, summit mossy dwarf forest, secondary forest of Populus davidiana spp., tropical forest of Hevea brasiliensis
	22	西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	101°16′	21°54′	9	1557	黏壤土砂壤土 Clay loam and sandy loam	热带次生林、热带人工雨林、石灰山季雨林、鸡血藤热带次生林、热带季雨林 Tropical secondary forest, artificial tropical rainforest, monsoon rain forest over limestone, tropical secondary forest of Millettia reticulata, tropical monsoon rainforest
草地生态系统 Grass ecosystem	23	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	116°42′	43°38′	1	255	砂壤土 Sandy loam	羊草 Leymus chinensis
草地生态系统 Grass ecosystem	24	海北 Haibei	101°19′	37°37′	1	590	砂土 Sandy soil	矮蒿草甸 Artemisia lancea meadow
沼泽生态系统 Mire ecosystem	25	三江 Sanjiang	133°31′	47°35′	4	600	草甸白浆土Meadow soil with white pulp	大豆、毛果薹草、小叶章 Glycine max, Carex miyabei var. maopengensis, Calamagrostis angustifolia
荒漠生态系统 Dessert ecosystem	26	临泽 Linze	99°35′	39°04′	3	117	风沙土 Aeolian soil	玉米、枣 Zea mays, Ziziphus jujuba
	27	奈曼 Naiman	120°42′	43°55′	4	400	砂壤土 Sandy loam	春小麦-荞麦、狗尾草等 Triticum aestivum-Fagopyrum esculentum, Faberii herrm et al.
	28	沙坡头 Shapotou	104°57′	37°27′	4	186	风沙土 Aeolian soil	玉米、天然植被 Zea mays, natural vegetation
	29	鄂尔多斯 Ordos	110°11′	39°29′	2	250	风沙土 Aeolian soil	油蒿灌丛 Arternisia ordosica shrub
	30	阜康 Fukang	87°55′	44°17′	3	164	风沙土 Aeolian soil	棉花、梭梭和沙蒿 Gossypium spp., Herba cistranches, Artemisia ordosica
	31	策勒 Cele	80°43′	37°00′	6	34	风沙土 Aeolian soil	骆驼刺、花花柴、芦苇、柽柳及零星分节的一年生植物、棉花 Alhagi gagneb, Karelinia caspia, Phragmites australis, Tamarix ramosissima, some therophyte, Gossypium spp.

生态系统 Ecosystem	序号 No.	观测站名 Observation station name	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	观测场数 Number of observation fields	多年平均年降水量Average annual precipitation (mm)	土壤质地 Soil texture	主要土地覆被类型 Major land cover type
农田生态系统 Agriculture ecosystem	1	海伦 Hailun	126°38′	47°26′	6	550	黏土 Clay	大豆、狗尾草、小麦 Glycine max, Setaria faberii, Triticum aestivum
	2	沈阳 Shenyang	123°24′	41°31′	1	675	壤土 Loam	玉米 Zea may
	3	禹城 Yucheng	116°36′	36°57′	2	610	壤土 Loam	小麦-玉米、草 Triticum aestivum-Zea may, grass
	4	封丘 Fengqiu	114°32′	35°01′	5	605	砂壤土 Sandy loam	小麦-玉米、荒草 Triticum aestivum-Zea may, grass
	5	栾城 Luancheng	114°41′	37°53′	2	537	砂壤土 Sandy loam	小麦-玉米、草 Triticum aestivum-Zea may, grass
	6	常熟 Changshu	120°42′	31°33′	2	1038	壤土 Loam	小麦-水稻、草 Triticum aestivum-Oryza sativa, grass
	7	桃源 Taoyuan	111°27′	28°55′	8	1450	黏壤土 Clay loam	自然植被、水稻、油菜-红薯-萝卜、茶、柑橘 Natural vegetation, Oryza sativa, Brassica chinensis-Ipomoea batatas-Raphanus sativus, Camellia sinensis, Citrus reticulata
	8	鹰潭 Yingtan	116°55′	28°15′	3	1795	黏土 Clay	花生、水稻、草 Arachis hypogaea, Oryza sativa, grass
	9	千烟州 Qianyanzhou	115°04′	26°45′	2	1542	壤土 Loam	柑橘 Citrus reticulata
	10	盐亭 Yanting	105°27′	31°16′	4	826	黏壤土 Clay loam	小麦-玉米、油菜、草 Triticum aestivum-Zea mays, Brassica chinensis, grass
	11	安塞 Ansai	109°19′	36°51′	6	500	壤土 Loam	自然荒草、玉米、谷子 Natural grass, Zea mays, Pennisetum glaucum
	12	长武 Changwu	107°40′	35°12′	4	584	壤土 Loam	冬小麦、草 Triticum aestivum, grass
	13	拉萨 Lhasa	91°21′	29°41′	2	400	砂壤土 Sandy loam	春青稞、草 Hordeum vulgare, grass
森林生态系统 Forest ecosystem	14	长白山 Changbaishan	128°06′	42°24′	2	713	壤土 Loam
	15	北京 Beijing	115°26′	40°00′	6	595	壤土 Loam
	16	会同 Huitong	109°35′	26°47′	3	1300	黏土 Clay	人工林、常绿阔叶林 Plantation, evergreen broad-leaved forest
	17	鼎湖山 Dinghushan	112°32′	23°10′	3	1956	壤土 Loam	季风林、马尾松林、针阔混交林 Monsoon forest, Pinus massoniana forest, mixed wood of needle leaf forest and broad leaf forest
	18	鹤山 Heshan	112°54′	22°41′	2	1801	壤土 Loam
	19	茂县 Maoxian	103°54′	31°41′	3	825	壤土 Loam
生态系统 Ecosystem	序号 No.	观测站名 Observation station name	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	观测场数 Number of observation fields	多年平均年降水量Average annual precipitation (mm)	土壤质地 Soil texture	主要土地覆被类型 Major land cover type
	20	贡嘎山 Gonggashan	102°00′	29°34′	2	1300	砂土 Sandy soil	峨嵋冷杉成熟林 Mature forest of Abies fabr in E’mei
	21	哀牢山 Ailaoshan	101°01′	24°32′	4	1931	壤土 Loam	湿性常绿阔叶林、山顶苔藓矮林、滇山杨次生林、热带橡胶林 Moisture evergreen broad-leaved forest, summit mossy dwarf forest, secondary forest of Populus davidiana spp., tropical forest of Hevea brasiliensis
	22	西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	101°16′	21°54′	9	1557	黏壤土砂壤土 Clay loam and sandy loam	热带次生林、热带人工雨林、石灰山季雨林、鸡血藤热带次生林、热带季雨林 Tropical secondary forest, artificial tropical rainforest, monsoon rain forest over limestone, tropical secondary forest of Millettia reticulata, tropical monsoon rainforest
草地生态系统 Grass ecosystem	23	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	116°42′	43°38′	1	255	砂壤土 Sandy loam	羊草 Leymus chinensis
草地生态系统 Grass ecosystem	24	海北 Haibei	101°19′	37°37′	1	590	砂土 Sandy soil	矮蒿草甸 Artemisia lancea meadow
沼泽生态系统 Mire ecosystem	25	三江 Sanjiang	133°31′	47°35′	4	600	草甸白浆土Meadow soil with white pulp	大豆、毛果薹草、小叶章 Glycine max, Carex miyabei var. maopengensis, Calamagrostis angustifolia
荒漠生态系统 Dessert ecosystem	26	临泽 Linze	99°35′	39°04′	3	117	风沙土 Aeolian soil	玉米、枣 Zea mays, Ziziphus jujuba
	27	奈曼 Naiman	120°42′	43°55′	4	400	砂壤土 Sandy loam	春小麦-荞麦、狗尾草等 Triticum aestivum-Fagopyrum esculentum, Faberii herrm et al.
	28	沙坡头 Shapotou	104°57′	37°27′	4	186	风沙土 Aeolian soil	玉米、天然植被 Zea mays, natural vegetation
	29	鄂尔多斯 Ordos	110°11′	39°29′	2	250	风沙土 Aeolian soil	油蒿灌丛 Arternisia ordosica shrub
	30	阜康 Fukang	87°55′	44°17′	3	164	风沙土 Aeolian soil	棉花、梭梭和沙蒿 Gossypium spp., Herba cistranches, Artemisia ordosica
	31	策勒 Cele	80°43′	37°00′	6	34	风沙土 Aeolian soil	骆驼刺、花花柴、芦苇、柽柳及零星分节的一年生植物、棉花 Alhagi gagneb, Karelinia caspia, Phragmites australis, Tamarix ramosissima, some therophyte, Gossypium spp.

土地覆被类型 Land cover type	n	a	b	R²
花生 Arachis hypogaea	12	18.997 0	-24.967 0	0.90
滇山杨次生林 Secondary forest of Populus davidiana spp.	36	5.058 6	-3.857 5	0.87
油菜 Brassica chinensis	25	6.367 9	-2.153 6	0.95
荒漠植被 Vegetation in desert	239	4.709 2	0.724 5	0.40
1. 奈曼差巴嘎蒿+小叶锦鸡儿 Arternisia halodendron + Caragana microphylia In Naiman	14	3.988 2	0.671 6	0.27
2. 奈曼狗尾草+芦苇+地锦 Setaria faberii + Phragmites australis + Parthenocissus semicordata in Naiman	15	3.475 3	1.669 4	0.33
3. 鄂尔多斯油蒿灌丛 Arternisia ordosica shrub in Ordos	21	16.995 0	-3.652 1	0.41
4. 鄂尔多斯气象站周围为油蒿灌丛Arternisia ordosica shrub about Ordos meteorological station	21	8.510 7	-0.628 7	0.14
5. 临泽红沙蒿、泡泡枣 Artemisia ordosica, Chaenomeles sinensis in Linze	18	10.280 0	0.156 1	0.76
6. 沙坡头红卫天然植被 Natural vegetations in Hongwei, Shapotou	21	1.654 7	0.508 7	0.70
7. 策勒骆驼刺、柽柳、花花柴和零星分布的草本植物 Alhagi gagneb, Tamarix ramosissima, Kareliniacaspia spp., and some grass in Cele	36	5.946 2	0.461 8	0.68
8. 策勒骆驼刺、花花柴、柽柳和部分一年生植物 Alhagi gagneb, Kareliniacaspia spp., Tamarix ramosissima, and some therophyte in Cele	36	7.053 3	0.120 0	0.61
9. 策勒骆驼刺、花花柴、芦苇及零星分布的一年生植物 Alhagi gagneb, Kareliniacaspia spp., Phragmites australis and some therophyte in Cele	36	6.892 1	0.366 2	0.78
10. 阜康梭梭和沙蒿 Herba cistranches, Artemisia ordosica in Fukang	22	10.010 0	-0.710 8	0.73
综合观测场植被 Vegetation in integrated observation field	212	5.438 5	1.014 3	0.95
季风林 Monsoon forest	36	3.573 5	1.372 1	0.98
气象观测场植被 Vegetation in meteorological station	179	5.001 0	1.480 3	0.92
热带林 Tropical forest	180	5.118 1	1.524 0	0.94
玉米 Zea mays	344	4.896 5	1.649 9	0.91
春小麦 Triticum aestivum	8	4.758 0	1.773 1	0.87
马尾松林 Pinus massoniana forest	12	4.224 1	1.773 2	0.99
针阔混交林 Mixed coniferous forest	12	3.905 1	1.802 6	0.99
春青稞 Hordeum vulgare	13	5.002 6	1.809 0	0.92
裸地 Bare land	276	5.168 5	1.834 6	0.79
草地 Grass land	585	4.955 4	1.930 8	0.83
棉花 Gossypium spp.	130	5.014 3	2.407 5	0.13
1. 阜康棉花 Gossypium spp. in Fukang	108	5.537 7	1.001 1	0.82
2. 策勒棉花 Gossypium spp. in Cele	22	8.394 3	6.557 0	0.74
山顶苔藓矮林 Summit mossy dwarf forest	36	5.111 5	2.464 5	0.92
荞麦 Fagopyrum esculentum	7	4.686 6	2.656 8	0.97
小麦 Triticum aestivum	448	4.554 7	3.018 2	0.68
哀牢中山湿性常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad leaf forest in Ailao’s humid mountains	36	5.072 1	3.275 3	0.88
茶、柑橘 Camellia sinensis, Citrus reticulata	106	4.175 3	3.760 5	0.94
谷子 Pennisetum glaucum	36	3.045 2	4.107 4	0.62
桃源自然恢复和退化植被 Natural fields	72	4.066 5	4.143 7	0.89
羊草 Leymus chinensis	16	1.713 4	4.522 4	0.50
会同常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad leaf forest in Huitong	33	4.025 1	4.578 4	0.96
石灰山季雨林 Monsoon rain forest over limestone	36	3.534 9	4.849 2	0.92
红薯 Ipomoea batatas	15	3.457 9	6.031 3	0.83
鸡血藤热带次生林 Tropical secondary forest of Millettia extensa	36	3.180 2	6.995 9	0.97
杉木人工林 Plantation forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata	33	3.487 3	7.192 7	0.97
曼安热带林 Tropical forest in Man’an	36	3.694 1	7.303 0	0.97
萝卜 Raphanus sativus	6	2.251 3	9.162 6	0.99
土地覆被类型 Land cover type	n	a	b	R²
峨眉冷杉成熟林 Matural forest of Abies fabr in E’mei	17	3.559 4	9.400 7	0.80
大豆 Glycine max	75	2.577 5	10.179 0	0.26
1. 三江沼泽大豆 Glycine max in Sanjiang mire	13	2.396 1	15.302 0	0.43
2. 海伦大豆 Glycine max in Hailun	62	3.242 8	7.708 7	0.75
阔叶红松林 Broad leaf forest of Pinus koraiensis	18	1.610 1	12.580 0	0.88
毛果薹草 Carex miyabei var. maopengensis	12	2.950 3	15.291 0	0.37
水稻 Oryza sativa	37	1.482 6	15.838 0	0.15
1. 常熟水稻 Oryza sativa in Changshu	12	2.419 4	15.542 0	0.73
2. 鹰潭水稻 Oryza sativa in Yingtan	9	1.455 3	13.972 0	0.97
3. 桃源水稻 Oryza sativa in Taoyuan	16	1.609 4	13.963 0	0.89
小叶章 Calamagrostis angustifolia	26	2.812 6	16.485 0	0.79

土地覆被类型 Land cover type	n	a	b	R²
花生 Arachis hypogaea	12	18.997 0	-24.967 0	0.90
滇山杨次生林 Secondary forest of Populus davidiana spp.	36	5.058 6	-3.857 5	0.87
油菜 Brassica chinensis	25	6.367 9	-2.153 6	0.95
荒漠植被 Vegetation in desert	239	4.709 2	0.724 5	0.40
1. 奈曼差巴嘎蒿+小叶锦鸡儿 Arternisia halodendron + Caragana microphylia In Naiman	14	3.988 2	0.671 6	0.27
2. 奈曼狗尾草+芦苇+地锦 Setaria faberii + Phragmites australis + Parthenocissus semicordata in Naiman	15	3.475 3	1.669 4	0.33
3. 鄂尔多斯油蒿灌丛 Arternisia ordosica shrub in Ordos	21	16.995 0	-3.652 1	0.41
4. 鄂尔多斯气象站周围为油蒿灌丛Arternisia ordosica shrub about Ordos meteorological station	21	8.510 7	-0.628 7	0.14
5. 临泽红沙蒿、泡泡枣 Artemisia ordosica, Chaenomeles sinensis in Linze	18	10.280 0	0.156 1	0.76
6. 沙坡头红卫天然植被 Natural vegetations in Hongwei, Shapotou	21	1.654 7	0.508 7	0.70
7. 策勒骆驼刺、柽柳、花花柴和零星分布的草本植物 Alhagi gagneb, Tamarix ramosissima, Kareliniacaspia spp., and some grass in Cele	36	5.946 2	0.461 8	0.68
8. 策勒骆驼刺、花花柴、柽柳和部分一年生植物 Alhagi gagneb, Kareliniacaspia spp., Tamarix ramosissima, and some therophyte in Cele	36	7.053 3	0.120 0	0.61
9. 策勒骆驼刺、花花柴、芦苇及零星分布的一年生植物 Alhagi gagneb, Kareliniacaspia spp., Phragmites australis and some therophyte in Cele	36	6.892 1	0.366 2	0.78
10. 阜康梭梭和沙蒿 Herba cistranches, Artemisia ordosica in Fukang	22	10.010 0	-0.710 8	0.73
综合观测场植被 Vegetation in integrated observation field	212	5.438 5	1.014 3	0.95
季风林 Monsoon forest	36	3.573 5	1.372 1	0.98
气象观测场植被 Vegetation in meteorological station	179	5.001 0	1.480 3	0.92
热带林 Tropical forest	180	5.118 1	1.524 0	0.94
玉米 Zea mays	344	4.896 5	1.649 9	0.91
春小麦 Triticum aestivum	8	4.758 0	1.773 1	0.87
马尾松林 Pinus massoniana forest	12	4.224 1	1.773 2	0.99
针阔混交林 Mixed coniferous forest	12	3.905 1	1.802 6	0.99
春青稞 Hordeum vulgare	13	5.002 6	1.809 0	0.92
裸地 Bare land	276	5.168 5	1.834 6	0.79
草地 Grass land	585	4.955 4	1.930 8	0.83
棉花 Gossypium spp.	130	5.014 3	2.407 5	0.13
1. 阜康棉花 Gossypium spp. in Fukang	108	5.537 7	1.001 1	0.82
2. 策勒棉花 Gossypium spp. in Cele	22	8.394 3	6.557 0	0.74
山顶苔藓矮林 Summit mossy dwarf forest	36	5.111 5	2.464 5	0.92
荞麦 Fagopyrum esculentum	7	4.686 6	2.656 8	0.97
小麦 Triticum aestivum	448	4.554 7	3.018 2	0.68
哀牢中山湿性常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad leaf forest in Ailao’s humid mountains	36	5.072 1	3.275 3	0.88
茶、柑橘 Camellia sinensis, Citrus reticulata	106	4.175 3	3.760 5	0.94
谷子 Pennisetum glaucum	36	3.045 2	4.107 4	0.62
桃源自然恢复和退化植被 Natural fields	72	4.066 5	4.143 7	0.89
羊草 Leymus chinensis	16	1.713 4	4.522 4	0.50
会同常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad leaf forest in Huitong	33	4.025 1	4.578 4	0.96
石灰山季雨林 Monsoon rain forest over limestone	36	3.534 9	4.849 2	0.92
红薯 Ipomoea batatas	15	3.457 9	6.031 3	0.83
鸡血藤热带次生林 Tropical secondary forest of Millettia extensa	36	3.180 2	6.995 9	0.97
杉木人工林 Plantation forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata	33	3.487 3	7.192 7	0.97
曼安热带林 Tropical forest in Man’an	36	3.694 1	7.303 0	0.97
萝卜 Raphanus sativus	6	2.251 3	9.162 6	0.99
土地覆被类型 Land cover type	n	a	b	R²
峨眉冷杉成熟林 Matural forest of Abies fabr in E’mei	17	3.559 4	9.400 7	0.80
大豆 Glycine max	75	2.577 5	10.179 0	0.26
1. 三江沼泽大豆 Glycine max in Sanjiang mire	13	2.396 1	15.302 0	0.43
2. 海伦大豆 Glycine max in Hailun	62	3.242 8	7.708 7	0.75
阔叶红松林 Broad leaf forest of Pinus koraiensis	18	1.610 1	12.580 0	0.88
毛果薹草 Carex miyabei var. maopengensis	12	2.950 3	15.291 0	0.37
水稻 Oryza sativa	37	1.482 6	15.838 0	0.15
1. 常熟水稻 Oryza sativa in Changshu	12	2.419 4	15.542 0	0.73
2. 鹰潭水稻 Oryza sativa in Yingtan	9	1.455 3	13.972 0	0.97
3. 桃源水稻 Oryza sativa in Taoyuan	16	1.609 4	13.963 0	0.89
小叶章 Calamagrostis angustifolia	26	2.812 6	16.485 0	0.79

层次 Layer (cm)	原始数据 Original data		标准化数据 Standardized data
层次 Layer (cm)	线性关系 Linear relationship	R²	线性关系 Linear relationship	R²
0-20 and 0-10	S₂₀ = 1.9964S₁₀ + 0.2888	0.97	y = 0.9366x + 0.0383	0.94
0-30 and 0-10	S₃₀ = 2.9850S₁₀ + 0.7373	0.94	y = 0.8936x + 0.0587	0.87
0-40 and 0-10	S₄₀ = 3.9184S₁₀ + 1.3667	0.91	y = 0.8652x + 0.0790	0.82
0-50 and 0-10	S₅₀ = 4.8093S₁₀ + 2.1495	0.88	y = 0.8514x + 0.0973	0.78
0-60 and 0-10	S₆₀ = 5.6775S₁₀ + 3.0933	0.86	y = 0.8437x + 0.1126	0.74
0-70 and 0-10	S₇₀ = 6.6045S₁₀ + 3.9304	0.84	y = 0.8434x + 0.1202	0.71
0-80 and 0-10	S₈₀ = 7.4855S₁₀ + 4.9945	0.82	y = 0.8366x + 0.1305	0.68
0-90 and 0-10	S₉₀ = 8.3742S₁₀ + 5.9630	0.81	y = 0.8331x + 0.1347	0.66
0-100 and 0-10	S₁₀₀ = 9.2663S₁₀ + 6.8993	0.79	y = 0.8076x + 0.1328	0.65