Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2010, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 89-99.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.01.012
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ZHANG Bo1,2, SUN Shan1, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang3, LI Qing-Jun1,*()
Received:
2009-05-13
Accepted:
2009-08-03
Online:
2010-05-13
Published:
2010-01-01
Contact:
LI Qing-Jun
ZHANG Bo, SUN Shan, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang, LI Qing-Jun. A review of the evolutionary and ecological significance of lever-like stamens[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2010, 34(1): 89-99.
Fig. 1 Lever-like stamens and floral structures (Photo by Zhang Bo). A, Lever-like stamens of Salvia digitaloides (removed upper lip). B, Lever-like or spurred stamens with basified anther in Roscoea schneideriana (unwrapped lobes). C, Lever- like or spurred stamen with dorsifixed anther in Curcuma amarissima (unwrapped lobes). a, anthers; f, filaments; fth, fertile thecae; j, torsional joints between filament and connective; la, lower lever arms of stamens or spur-like appendages (B, C); s, styles; st, stigmas; sth, sterile thecae; ua, upper lever arms of stamens.
Fig. 2 Morphologic diversity of lever-like stamens in Salvia (Cla?en-Bockhoff et al., 2004a). A, Bithecate lever-like stamen. B, Monothecate stamen of curved connective arms. C, Monothecate stamen of straight connective arms. D, Stamen of reduced lower connective arm. E, Stamen of three-dimensional lower connective arm. Shaded area represents elongated connective arms, black area for thecae, clear area for filament.
Fig. 3 Dorsal pollen transfer with lever-like stamens in Salvia subpalmatinervis (Photo by Zhang Bo). A, Pollen loading on pollinator’s back through triggering stamen levers’ movement while pollinator visiting flower. B, Stamen levers restore its original position when pollinator finishing foraging. Solid arrows indicate the direction of pollinator quitting corolla after foraging. Dotted arrows show the movement direction of lever arms when pollinator quitting corolla. a, anthers (fertile thecae); la, lower lever arms of stamens; st, stigma; ua, upper lever arms of stamens.
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