Impact of increased inundation height on the net ecosystem CO2 exchange in a Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0253

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Rising sea levels and the associated increase in inundation heights will alter the carbon (C) cycle in tidal marshes. However, current research primarily focuses on the impact of increased inundation on total soil C stocks, while the effects on the balance of C budget processes remain unclear. Therefore, understanding how sea level rise affects the C sequestration capacity of tidal marshes is essential for predicting future impacts.

Methods To address this, our study established a “marsh organ” experimental platform in the tidal marshes of the Minjiang River Estuary. Three inundation treatments—CK (control), CK + 20 cm, and CK + 40 cm—simulated the current and the projected sea level rise scenarios for the next 50 and 100 years. We measured the effects of increased inundation on the net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), plant biomass, plant photosynthetic characteristics, and soil physicochemical properties of the Cyperus malaccensis tidal marshes.

Important findings The results showed that increased inundation height led to a decrease in aboveground biomass and an increase in belowground biomass. Compared to the CK, GPP decreased by 27% and 32%, while ER increased by 20% and 58% in the CK + 20 cm and CK + 40 cm treatments, respectively. The reduction in GPP was related to decreased aboveground biomass and declining plant photosynthetic characteristics, such as net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂concentrations. The increase in ER was associated with higher soil oxidation-reduction potential and dissolved organic carbon content. Under the CK, CK + 20 cm, and CK + 40 cm treatments, NEE was -539.8, -102.7, and 185.6 g C·m^-2·a^-1, respectively. These findings indicate that a 20 cm increase in inundation height leads to an increase in NEE, demonstrating a weakened carbon sequestration capacity of the Cyperus malaccensis tidal marshes. Furthermore, a 40 cm increase in inundation height results in NEE shifting from negative to positive, indicating a transition of the ecosystem from a carbon sink to a carbon source. This research provides a scientific basis for predicting and mitigating the impacts of future sea level rise on the C cycle of tidal marsh.

Key words: enhanced inundation height, net ecosystem CO₂ exchange, gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, Cyperus malaccensis, tidal marsh

LI Lin, HUANG Jia-Fang, DING Zhong-Hao, GUO Ping-Ping, CAI Yuan-Bin, LI Shi-Hua, LI Yun-Qin, LUO Min. Impact of increased inundation height on the net ecosystem CO₂ exchange in a Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(4): 526-539.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0253

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I4/526

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Location of study site for carbon flux research and a schematic diagram of marsh organ experimental platform in the Shanyutan tidal marsh of the Minjiang River Estuary. A, Diagram of the Minjiang River Estuary. B, Diagram of the study area (the red rectangle) in the Shanyutan tidal marsh of the Minjiang River Estuary. C, Schematic diagram of the “marsh organ” experiment. CK, control.

Fig. 2 Monthly dynamics of daily mean air temperature, daily mean and maximum photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh of the Minjiang River Estuary.

Table 1 Plant traits under three inundation treatments in the Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh of the Minjiang River Estuary (mean ± SD)

植物性状特征 Plant trait characteristic	淹水处理 Inundation treatment
植物性状特征 Plant trait characteristic	CK	CK + 20 cm	CK + 40 cm	F	p
AGB (kg·m^-2)	5.0 ± 0.2^a	4.4 ± 0.6^ab	3.5 ± 0.6^b	5.495	<0.05
BGB (kg·m^-2)	3.3 ± 0.5^b	4.4 ± 0.1^ab	5.1 ± 0.3^a	10.406	<0.05
P_n (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)¹⁾	33.1 ± 2.3^a	28.9 ± 1.9^ab	26.0 ± 3.5^b	9.956	<0.05
g_s (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)¹⁾	241.3 ± 11.5^a	198.0 ± 10.8^b	167.7 ± 11.7^c	31.989	<0.001
C_i (μmol·mol^-1)¹⁾	309.0 ± 20.1^a	274.0 ± 9.5^ab	277.9 ± 28.7^b	11.627	<0.01

Table 2 Soil physicochemical indexes under three inundation treatments in the Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh of the Minjiang River Estuary (mean ± SD)

土壤理化指标 Soil physicochemical index	淹水处理 Inundation treatment
土壤理化指标 Soil physicochemical index	CK	CK + 20 cm	CK + 40 cm	F	p
pH	6.7 ± 0.2^a	6.8 ± 0.3^a	6.7 ± 1.2^a	2.398	0.172
SOC (mg·g^-1)	13.7 ± 1.3^a	11.1 ± 2.1^ab	9.4 ± 1.2^b	5.518	<0.05
C:N	11.6 ± 2.1^b	11.5 ± 0.5^b	14.9 ± 0.7^a	6.748	<0.05
SO₄^2-(mmol·L^-1)	5.2 ± 0.6^a	4.5 ± 1.0^a	4.7 ± 1.0^a	3.425	0.102
Cl^-(mmol·L^-1)	82.5 ± 25.5^a	85.6 ± 6.5^a	83.0 ± 17.5^a	1.436	0.309

Fig. 3 Monthly dynamics of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in the Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh of the Minjiang River Estuary under three inundation treatments (mean ± SD). p < 0.05 was significant difference, p < 0.01 was highly significant difference, and p < 0.001 was extremely significant difference. CK, control.

Fig. 4 Monthly dynamics of ecosystem respiration (ER), gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) in the Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh of the Minjiang River Estuary under three inundation treatments (mean ± SD). p < 0.05 was significant difference, p < 0.01 was highly significant difference, and p < 0.001 was extremely significant difference. CK, control.

Fig. 5 Relationship between ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil physiochemical properties in the Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh of the Minjiang River Estuary under three inundation treatments. DOC, dissolved organic carbon; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential. p < 0.05 was significant correlated, p < 0.01 was highly significant correlated, and p < 0.001 was extremely significant correlated. CK, control.

Fig. 6 Mean monthly ecosystem respiration (ER), gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) in the Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh of the Minjiang River Estuary under three inundation treatments (mean ± SD). Different uppercase letters represent significant differences under different inundation treatments (p < 0.05 was significant, p < 0.01 was highly significant, and p < 0.001 was extremely significant). CK, control.

Fig. 7 Differences in net ecosystem CO2 exchange fluxes (NEE), ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross primary productivity (GPP) various wetlands globally.

Fig. 8 Response of the carbon budget process of the Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh of the Minjiang River Estuary ecosystem to enhanced inundation. AGB, aboveground biomass; BGB, belowground biomass; Ci, intercellular CO2 concentration; DOC, dissolved organic carbon concentration; ER, ecosystem respiration; GPP, gross primary productivity; gs, stomatal conductance; NEE, net ecosystem CO2 exchange; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; Pn, net photosynthetic rate.

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Impact of increased inundation height on the net ecosystem CO₂ exchange in a Cyperus malaccensis tidal marsh

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