Effects of reclamation on net ecosystem CO2 exchange in wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00052

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Wetland ecosystems are an obvious carbon sink, but with constant land reclamation, many wetlands disappeared and degenerated, and reclamation also influences the carbon-cycle between wetland ecosystems and the atmosphere. Cropland is a dominant use of reed (Phragmites australis) wetland in the Yellow River Delta, but the CO₂ flux of wetland ecosystems under escalating human influences remains unclear. Our objective was to investigate the impact of wetland reclamation on net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) dynamics and quantify CO₂ exchange of the two ecosystems’ response to environmental and biological factors.
Methods Based on eddy covariance technique, we measured CO₂ fluxes over the reed wetland and cropland ecosystems and monitored environmental and biological factors in 2011.
Important findings The averaged diurnal variation of NEE showed the U-type curve in different months of the growing season over wetland and cropland ecosystems. In the non-growing season, NEE lacked a diurnal pattern and the range of NEE was very small as the result of soil microbial activity. Analyses of NEE showed that the wetland was a net sink for each month from April to September 2011 and a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere for the fall and winter months of November to March. In contrast, the cropland was calculated to be a significant net sink for CO₂ in the growing season (May to October), while significant net losses of CO₂ occurred in the non-growing season (November to April). During the growing season, the maximum daily CO₂ uptake and release rates were 16.04 (August 17) and 14.95 (August 9) g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1 and 18.99 (August 22) and 12.23 (July 29) g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1over wetland and cropland, respectively. Daytime NEE values were strongly correlated with photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) in the growing season. The CO₂ flux was mainly affected by temperature of soil (T_s) in the non-growing season. Soil water content (SWC) and T_s were the main factors that influenced nighttime NEE in the growing season. The two ecosystem respiration quotient (Q₁₀) were 2.30 (wetland) and 3.78 (cropland) during the growing season. The wetland and cropland ecosystems were both carbon sinks during the growing season as they absorbed 780.95 and 647.35 g CO₂·m^-2, respectively, which means wetland reclamation can reduce its carbon sequestration ability. During the non-growing season, the two ecosystems were carbon sources, releasing 181.90 (wetland ecosystem) and 111.55 (cropland ecosystem) g CO₂·m^-2. Over all of 2011, the wetland and cropland ecosystems both were obvious carbon sinks with absorption of 599.05 and 535.80 g CO₂·m^-2, respectively.

Key words: eddy covariance, net ecosystem CO₂ exchange, reclamation, reed wetland, Yellow River Delta

YANG Li-Qiong,HAN Guang-Xuan,YU Jun-Bao,WU Li-Xin,ZHU Min,XING Qing-Hui,WANG Guang-Mei,MAO Pei-Li. Effects of reclamation on net ecosystem CO₂ exchange in wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(6): 503-516.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00052

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2013/V37/I6/503

Figures/Tables 10

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类型 Type	月份 Month	最大光合速率 Maximum photo- synthesis rate (A_max ) (mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	表观光量子产率 Apparent quantum yield (α) (mg CO₂·μmol^-1· photon)	白天生态系统暗呼吸速率 Dark ecosystem respiration in daytime (R_e) (mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	R²
湿地 Wetland	5	0.60	0.002 7	0.33	0.45
	6	1.06	0.008 1	0.65	0.47
	7	0.94	0.002 5	0.31	0.62
	8	0.83	0.002 1	0.23	0.60
	9	0.37	0.001 3	0.12	0.43
	10	0.29	0.001 8	0.16	0.30
农田 Cropland	5	0.25	0.000 4	0.09	0.44
	6	0.59	0.002 0	0.26	0.45
	7	0.89	0.002 8	0.35	0.58
	8	0.97	0.002 2	0.26	0.58
	9	0.48	0.003 2	0.23	0.37
	10	0.23	0.000 8	0.09	0.43

类型 Type	月份 Month	最大光合速率 Maximum photo- synthesis rate (A_max ) (mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	表观光量子产率 Apparent quantum yield (α) (mg CO₂·μmol^-1· photon)	白天生态系统暗呼吸速率 Dark ecosystem respiration in daytime (R_e) (mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	R²
湿地 Wetland	5	0.60	0.002 7	0.33	0.45
	6	1.06	0.008 1	0.65	0.47
	7	0.94	0.002 5	0.31	0.62
	8	0.83	0.002 1	0.23	0.60
	9	0.37	0.001 3	0.12	0.43
	10	0.29	0.001 8	0.16	0.30
农田 Cropland	5	0.25	0.000 4	0.09	0.44
	6	0.59	0.002 0	0.26	0.45
	7	0.89	0.002 8	0.35	0.58
	8	0.97	0.002 2	0.26	0.58
	9	0.48	0.003 2	0.23	0.37
	10	0.23	0.000 8	0.09	0.43

项目 Item	类型 Type	5 cm深处土壤温度 Soil temperature at 5 cm depth	10 cm深处土壤温度 Soil temperature at 10 cm depth	10 cm深处土壤含水量 Soil water content at 10 cm depth	20 cm深处土壤含水量 Soil water content at 20 cm depth
生长季白天 Daytime in growing season	湿地 Wetland	-0.39^**	-0.34^**	0.10^**	0.14^**
生长季白天 Daytime in growing season	农田 Cropland	-0.42^**	-0.42^**	-0.04^**	-0.10^**
生长季夜间 Nighttime in growing season	湿地 Wetland	0.66^**	0.65^**	0.14^**	-0.15^**
生长季夜间 Nighttime in growing season	农田 Cropland	0.80^**	0.80^**	-0.04	0.17^**
非生长季 Non-growing season	湿地 Wetland	0.19^**	0.17^**	0.04^*	0.00
非生长季 Non-growing season	农田 Cropland	0.13^**	0.13^**	-0.07^**	-0.09^**
夜晚NEE NEE of nighttime	湿地 Wetland	0.66^**	0.65^**	0.21^**	-0.04^**
夜晚NEE NEE of nighttime	农田 Cropland	0.73^**	073^**	0.18^**	0.31^**

项目 Item	类型 Type	5 cm深处土壤温度 Soil temperature at 5 cm depth	10 cm深处土壤温度 Soil temperature at 10 cm depth	10 cm深处土壤含水量 Soil water content at 10 cm depth	20 cm深处土壤含水量 Soil water content at 20 cm depth
生长季白天 Daytime in growing season	湿地 Wetland	-0.39^**	-0.34^**	0.10^**	0.14^**
生长季白天 Daytime in growing season	农田 Cropland	-0.42^**	-0.42^**	-0.04^**	-0.10^**
生长季夜间 Nighttime in growing season	湿地 Wetland	0.66^**	0.65^**	0.14^**	-0.15^**
生长季夜间 Nighttime in growing season	农田 Cropland	0.80^**	0.80^**	-0.04	0.17^**
非生长季 Non-growing season	湿地 Wetland	0.19^**	0.17^**	0.04^*	0.00
非生长季 Non-growing season	农田 Cropland	0.13^**	0.13^**	-0.07^**	-0.09^**
夜晚NEE NEE of nighttime	湿地 Wetland	0.66^**	0.65^**	0.21^**	-0.04^**
夜晚NEE NEE of nighttime	农田 Cropland	0.73^**	073^**	0.18^**	0.31^**

类型 Type	土壤含水量 Soil water content (SWC) (%)	R_eco.n-T_s	生态系统呼吸熵 Ecosystem respiration quotient (Q₁₀)	R²	p
湿地 Wetland	< 40	y = 0.0132e^0.0728^x	2.07	0.34	<0.001
	40 ≤ SWC < 50	y = 0.0150e^0.0815^x	2.26	0.63	<0.001
	≥ 50	y = 0.0119e^0.0810^x	2.24	0.28	<0.001
	生长季 Growing season	y = 0.0118e^0.0831^x	2.30	0.44	<0.001
农田 Cropland	< 40	y = 0.0028e^0.1558^x	4.75	0.51	<0.001
	40 ≤ SWC < 50	y = 0.0065e^0.1193^x	3.30	0.43	<0.001
	≥ 50	y = 0.0086e^0.0996^x	2.71	0.47	<0.001
	生长季 Growing season	y = 0.0045e^0.1331^x	3.78	0.63	<0.001

Effects of reclamation on net ecosystem CO₂ exchange in wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China

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地点 Location	主要植被类型 Main vegetation type	生态系统呼吸熵 Ecosystem respiration quotient (Q₁₀)	观测时间 Observation time (year-month-day)	文献 Reference
加拿大亚伯达北部 Northern Alberta, Canada	泥炭藓 Sphagnum	1.80	2004年生长季 Growing season in 2004	Glenn et al., 2006
加拿大亚伯达北部 Northern Alberta, Canada	薹草属植物 Carex	1.90	2004年生长季 Growing season in 2004	Glenn et al., 2006
加拿大亚伯达 Alberta, Canada	云杉和落叶松沼泽 Picea and Larix fen	1.92	2003年8月 August 2003	Syed et al., 2006
加拿大渥太华流域 Ottawa River Valley, Canada	香蒲沼泽 Cattail marsh	2.80	2005-05-09-2006-05-30	Bonneville et al., 2008
中国盘锦 Panjin, China	芦苇湿地 Reed wetland	2.38	2005	Zhou et al., 2009
中国青藏高原 Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China	莎草科、毛茛科 Cyperaceae and Ranunculaceae	2.64 ± 0.1	2005	Zhang et al., 2008
中国鄱阳湖 Poyang Lake, China	薹草 Carex cinerascen	3.31	2009年9月-2010年4月非淹水期 Non-flooded period (2009-09-2010-04)	Hu et al., 2011
中国青海 Qinghai, China	垂穗披碱草草地 Elymus nutans pasture	4.81	2006	Wu et al., 2010
中国华北平原 North China Plain	冬小麦、夏玉米 Winter wheat and summer maize	2.94	2002-11-2003-10	Li et al., 2006
中国华北平原 North China Plain	冬小麦、夏玉米 Winter wheat and summer maize	2.49	2003-11-2004-10	Li et al., 2006
中国三江平原 Sanjiang Plain, China	稻田 Rice field	2.50	2004-05-15-2004-09-23	Song et al., 2006

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