Effects of environmental factors on gross caloric values of three life-forms aquatic plants on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0043

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Gross caloric value (GCV) reflected plants’ capability of converting solar energy. It provided a reliable indicator of plants’ adaptations to environments in perspective of energy conversion and fixation. The aims of this study were (1) to illustrate the characteristics of GCV of aquatic plants on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, (2) to explore the geographical and environmental patterns and (3) to discuss the underlying mechanisms in forming the patterns.
Methods In July and August 2015, we collected 533 samples of aquatic plants’ leaves in 143 field sites on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and measured their GCV using SDACM-4000 oxygen bomb calorimeter. Together with mean annual temperature (MAT) of climatic factor and properties of water body, this study compared the differences of GCV among submerged, emergent and floating-leaved plants by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD. We further regressed GCV of submerged and emergent plants against geographical and climatic factors and properties of water body by simple regression to explore the relative effects of environmental factors on GCV.
Important findings On the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the mean GCV was (15.95 ± 3.90) kJ·g^-1. Among the three life forms, the rank of GCV was the emergent plants (18.10 kJ·g^-1) > the floating-leaved plants (16.77 kJ·g^-1) > the submerged plants (14.31 kJ·g^-1). With an increasing latitude, the GCV of emergent and submerged plants increased. Only GCV of emergent plants decreased with increasing altitude and temperature. The GCV of emergent and submerged plants increased with increased water salinity. Dissolved oxygen had significant negative effects on emergent plants, while pH value had no significant effects.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/ZWSB201702006

Key words: caloric value, aquatic plant, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, environmental effect

Yang WANG, Lin-Lin MIAO, Dan YU, Chun-Hua LIU, Zhong WANG. Effects of environmental factors on gross caloric values of three life-forms aquatic plants on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2017, 41(2): 209-218.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0043

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2017/V41/I2/209

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1 Location of the sampling sites.

Table 1 Characteristics of gross caloric values of three life-forms of aquatic plants on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

生活型 Life-form	样品量 No. of samples	热值 Gross caloric values (kJ·g^-1)
生活型 Life-form	样品量 No. of samples	平均值 Mean	标准偏差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficient of variation
沉水型 Submerged	295	14.31^a	3.03	0.21
浮叶型 Floating-leaved	20	16.77^b	1.52	0.09
挺水型 Emergent	218	18.10^b	4.03	0.22
总计 Total	533	15.95	3.90	0.24

Fig. 2 Geographic patterns of gross caloric values of submerged plants and emergent plants along altitudinal, longitudinal and latitudinal gradients. A-C, Submerged plants, n = 295. D-F, Emergent plants, n = 218.

Fig. 3 Effects of waterbody properties on gross caloric value of submerged plants and emergent plants. A-C, Submerged plants, n = 295. D-F, Emergent plants, n = 218.

Fig. 4 Effects of annual mean air temperature (MAT) on gross caloric values of submerged and emergent plants. A, Submerged plants, n = 295. B, Emergent plants, n = 218.

References 47

[1]	Bao YJ, Li ZH (2003). Dynamic of caloric values of major species in Leymus chinensis steppe of Inner Mongolia.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 606-613. (in Chinese with English abstract)[鲍雅静, 李政海 (2003). 内蒙古羊草草原群落主要植物的热值动态. 生态学报, 23, 606-613.]
[2]	Bao YJ, Li ZH, Han XG, Song GB, Yang XH, Lü HY (2006). Plant caloric value and its bio-ecological attributes.Chinese Journal of Ecology, 25, 1095-1103. (in Chinese with English abstract)[鲍雅静, 李政海, 韩兴国, 宋国宝, 杨晓慧, 吕海燕 (2006). 植物热值及其生物生态学属性. 生态学杂志, 25, 1095-1103]
[3]	Bi YF, Che WG (2004). Studies on the calorific value of Medicago population.Acta Agrestia Sinica, 10, 265-269. (in Chinese with English abstract)[毕玉芬, 车伟光 (2004). 几种苜蓿属植物植株热值研究. 草地学报, 10, 265-269.]
[4]	Chen ML, Shangguan ZP (2009). Caloric value and nutrient characteristics of dominant plant species of six typical vegetation communities in Ziwuling forest area of the Loess Plateau.Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 45(3), 140-144. (in Chinese with English abstract)[陈美玲, 上官周平 (2009). 黄土高原子午岭林区6个典型群落优势种的热值和养分特征. 林业科学, 45(3), 140-144.]
[5]	Fang Y, Xu SM, Sun G (2004). Primary production of the aquatic ecosystem of the Nanhu lake in Changchun II—Periphyton and macrophyte.Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 26(1), 46-49. (in Chinese with English abstract)[房岩, 徐淑敏, 孙刚 (2004). 长春南湖水生生态系统的初级生产II——附生藻类与大型水生植物. 吉林农业大学学报, 26(1), 46-49.]
[6]	Gao K, Han GD, Yu YQ, Zhang LJ (2015). Characterization of caloric values in 14 plant species in Hunshandake Sandy Land.Chinese Journal of Ecology, 34, 341-346. (in Chinese with English abstract)[高凯, 韩国栋, 于永奇, 张丽娟 (2015). 浑善达克沙地14种植物热值特征. 生态学杂志, 34, 341-346.]
[7]	Gao YX, Jiang SK, Zhang YG (1984). Xizang Climate. Science Press, Beijing. 84. (in Chinese)[高由禧, 蒋世逵, 张谊光 (1984). 西藏气候. 科学出版社, 北京. 84.]
[8]	Golley FB (1969). Caloric value of wet tropical forest vegetation.Ecology, 50, 517-519.
[9]	Guo JX, Wang RD, Bao GZ (2001). Caloric value of northeast Aneurolepidium chinense grassland species.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 25, 746-750. (in Chinese with English abstract)[郭继勋, 王若丹, 包国章 (2001). 东北羊草草原主要植物热值. 植物生态学报, 25, 746-750.]
[10]	Hao CY, Liu P (2006). The caloric value of the dominant plant species of a Heptacodium miconioides forest at Bei Mountain, Zhejiang Province, China.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26, 1709-1717. (in Chinese with English abstract)[郝朝运, 刘鹏 (2006). 浙江北山七子花群落主要植物叶热值. 生态学报, 26, 1709-1717.]
[11]	He JN, Kang WX, Wang D (2015). The plant calorific value in the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations at different ages.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 35, 449-459. (in Chinese with English abstract)[何介南, 康文星, 王东 (2015). 不同年龄阶段杉木人工林植物热值分析. 生态学报, 35, 449-459.]
[12]	He X, Bao WK, Gu B, Zheng WJ, Leng L (2007). The characteristic of gross caloric value of higher plants in China.Ecology and Environment, 16, 973-981. (in Chinese with English abstract)[何晓, 包维楷, 辜彬, 郑帷婕, 冷俐 (2007). 中国高等植物干质量热值特点. 生态环境, 16, 973-981.]
[13]	Howard-Williams C (1974). Nutritional quality and calorific value of Amazonian forest litter.Amazoniana, 5(1), 67-75.
[14]	Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (1988). Xizang Vegetation. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)[中国科学院植物研究所 (1988). 西藏植被. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[15]	Li B (2000). Ecology. Higher Education Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)[李博 (2000). 生态学. 高等教育出版社, 北京.]
[16]	Li YD, Wu ZM, Zeng QB, Zhou GY, Chen BF (1996). Caloric values of main species in a tropical mountain rain forest at Jianfengling, Hainan Island.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 20, 1-10 (in Chinese with English abstract)[李意德,吴仲民, 曾庆波, 周光益, 陈步峰 (1996). 尖峰岭热带山地雨林主要种类能量背景值测定分析. 植物生态学报, 20, 1-10.]
[17]	Lin GH, Lin P (1988). Studies on energy in two mangrove communities, Bruguiera sexangula and Kandelia candel, in China.Acta Phytocological and Geobotanica Sinica, 12, 31-39. (in Chinese with English abstract)[林光辉, 林鹏 (1988). 海莲、秋茄两种红树群落能量的研究. 植物生态学与地植物学学报, 12, 31-39.]
[18]	Lin H, Cao M (2008). Plant energy storage strategy and caloric value. Ecological Modelling, 217, 132-138.
[19]	Lin P, Lin GH (1991). Study on the caloric value and ash content of some mangrove species in China. Acta Phytocologica and Geobotanica Sinica, 15, 114-120. (in Chinese with English abstract)[林鹏, 林光辉 (1991). 几种红树植物的热值和灰分含量研究. 植物生态学与地植物学学报, 15, 114-120.]
[20]	Lin P, Wang WQ (1999). Changes in the caloric values of Kandelia candel seedlings under salt stress.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 23, 466-470. (in Chinese with English abstract)[林鹏, 王文卿 (1999). 盐胁迫下红树植物秋茄(Kandelia candel)热值变化的研究. 植物生态学报, 23, 466-470.]
[21]	Lin YM, Guo QR, Ye GF, Lin L, Lin P (2004a). Characteristics of matter and energy of some Casuarinaceae species in Dongshan County, Fujian Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 24, 2217-2224. (in Chinese with English abstract)[林益明, 郭启荣, 叶功富, 林玲, 林鹏 (2004). 福建东山几种木麻黄的物质与能量特征. 生态学报, 24, 2217-2224.]
[22]	Lin YM, Li ZB, Chen YY, Lin P (2001). Caloric value in leaves of some bamboo species in the bamboo garden of Hua’an County, Fujian. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 18, 356-362. (in Chinese with English abstract)[林益明, 黎中宝, 陈奕源, 林鹏 (2001). 福建华安竹园一些竹类植物叶的热值研究. 植物学报, 18, 356-362.]
[23]	Lin YM, Lin P, Wang T (2000). Caloric values and ash contents of some mangrove woods.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 11, 181-184. (in Chinese with English abstract)[林益明, 林鹏, 王通 (2000). 几种红树植物木材热值和灰分含量的研究. 应用生态学报, 11, 181-184.]
[24]	Lin YM, Wang ZC, Ke LN, Lin P, Tan ZQ, Ding YL (2003). Monthly changes in the caloric values of the leaves of four shrubby and four tree-dwelling Palmae species.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 1117-1124. (in Chinese with English abstract)[林益明, 王湛昌, 柯莉娜, 林鹏, 谭忠奇, 丁印龙 (2003). 四种灌木状与四种乔木状棕榈植物热值的月变化. 生态学报, 23, 1117-1124.]
[25]	Lin YM, Xiang P, Lin P (2004b). Caloric values of propagules and leaves at the different development stages of mangrove species at Futian, Shenzhen. Marine Science, 28(2), 43-48. (in Chinese with English abstract)[林益明, 向平, 林鹏 (2004b). 深圳福田几种红树植物繁殖体与不同发育阶段叶片热值研究. 海洋科学, 28(2), 43-48.]
[26]	Long RJ, Xu CL, Hu ZZ, Ding WG, Zhang YS, Kang TF (1993). Calorific value and its seasonal dynamics of fodder shrub species on Tianzhu alpine grasslands.Chinese Journal of Ecology, 12(5), 13-16. (in Chinese with English abstract)[龙瑞军, 徐长林, 胡自治, 丁文广, 张映生, 康天福 (1993). 天祝高山草原15种饲用灌木的热值及季节动态. 生态学杂志, 12(5), 13-16.]
[27]	Qiao XJ, Cao M, Lin H (2007). Caloric value allocation of dominant species in four secondary forests at different ages in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version), 31, 326-332. (in Chinese with English abstract)[乔秀娟, 曹敏, 林华 (2007). 西双版纳不同林龄次生植物群落优势树种的热值. 植物生态学报, 31, 326-332.]
[28]	Ren H, Peng SL (1999). The characteristics of ecological energetics of the forest ecosystem in the successional process in Dinghushan, Guangdong, China.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 19, 817-822. (in Chinese with English abstract)[任海, 彭少麟 (1999). 鼎湖山森林生态系统演替过程中的能量生态特征. 生态学报, 19, 817-822.]
[29]	Ren H, Peng SL, Liu HX, Cao HL, Huang ZL (2004). The caloric value of main plant species at Dinghushan, Guangdong, China.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 23, 148-154. (in Chinese with English abstract)[任海, 彭少麟, 刘鸿先, 曹洪麟, 黄忠良 (2004). 鼎湖山植物群落及其主要植物的热值研究. 植物生态学报, 23, 148-154.]
[30]	Singh AK (1980). Energy dynamics in a savanna ecosystem in India.Japanese Journal of Ecology, 30, 295-305.
[31]	Song SY, Wang PX (2013). Xizang Climate. Meteorological Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)[宋善允, 王鹏祥 (2013). 西藏气候. 气象出版社, 北京.]
[32]	Su ZX, Zhong ZC (1994). Studies on the energy of Neosinocalamus affinis clonal population.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 14, 142-148. (in Chinese with English abstract)[苏智先, 钟章成 (1994). 慈竹克隆种群能量动态研究. 生态学报, 14, 142-148.]
[33]	Sun GF, Zheng ZM, Wang ZQ (1993). Dynamics of calorific values of rice.Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2, 218-220. (in Chinese with English abstract)[孙国夫, 郑志明, 王兆骞 (1993). 水稻热值的动态变化研究. 生态学杂志, 2, 218-220.]
[34]	Wang D (2003).The Geography of Aquatic Vascular Plants of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. PhD dissertation, Wuhan University, Wuhan. (in Chinese with English abstract)[王东 (2003). 青藏高原水生植物地理研究. 博士学位论文, 武汉大学, 武汉.]
[35]	Wang SM, Dou HS (1998). Lakes in China. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)[王苏民, 窦鸿身 (1998). 中国湖泊志. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[36]	Wang Z, Xia CX, Yu D, Wu ZG (2015). Low-temperature induced leaf elements accumulation in aquatic macrophytes across Tibetan Plateau.Ecological Engineering, 75, 1-8.
[37]	Xing W, Wu HP, Hao BB, Liu GH (2013). Stoichiometric characteristics and responses of submerged macrophytes to eutrophication in lakes along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Ecological Engineering, 54(5), 16-21.
[38]	Xu YR, Zhang WJ, Feng ZW, Zhang JL (2003). Caloric values, elemental contents and correlations between them of some plants on sea beach salinity soil in Tianjin, China.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 450-455. (in Chinese with English abstract)[徐永荣, 张万钧, 冯宗炜, 张金龙 (2003). 天津滨海盐渍土上几种植物的热值和元素含量及其相关性. 生态学报, 23, 450-455.]
[39]	Yang FT, He HJ (1983). A preliminary study on caloric value of common plants in alpine meadow.Acta Phytoecological and Geobotanica Sinica, 7, 280-288. (in Chinese with English abstract)[杨福囤, 何海菊 (1983). 高寒草甸地区常见植物热值的初步研究. 植物生态学与地植物学丛刊, 7, 280-288.]
[40]	Yang GF, Xing K, Li G, Liu HY, Pan YZ, Zhang L (2015). Caloric values, element contents (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) of Zostera marina and their correlation. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 46(1), 212-220. (in Chinese with English abstract)[杨贵福, 邢坤, 李耕, 刘海映, 潘玉州, 张力 (2015). 大叶藻(Zostera marina)的热值和元素含量(碳、氮、磷)及其相关性. 海洋与湖沼, 46(1), 212-220.]
[41]	Yang SC, Li YB, Lin P (2003). Change of leaf caloric value from Avicennia marina and Aegiceras corniculatum mangrove plants under cold stress.Journal of Applied Oceanography, 22(1), 46-52. (in Chinese with English abstract)[杨盛昌, 李云波, 林鹏 (2003). 冷胁迫下红树植物白骨壤和桐花树叶片热值的变化. 应用海洋学报, 22(1), 46-52.]
[42]	You WH (1995). A study on phytoplankton and its energy production in Dianshan Lake.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 1, 47-53. (in Chinese with English abstract)[由文辉 (1995). 淀山湖的浮游植物及其能量生产. 海洋湖沼通报, 1, 47-53.]
[43]	You WH, Song YC (1995). A study on energy in vascular aquatic macrophytes communities in Dianshan Lake.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 19, 208-216. (in Chinese with English abstract)[由文辉, 宋永昌 (1995). 淀山湖水生维管束植物群落能量的研究. 植物生态学报, 19, 208-216.]
[44]	Yu YW, Hu ZZ, Zhang DG, Xu CL (2000). Calorific value and its seasonal dynamics of Dasiphora (Potentlia) fruticosa in alpine area of Jinqiang River of Tianzhu County.Pratacultural Science, 17(2), 1-4. (in Chinese with English abstract)[于应文, 胡自治, 张德罡, 徐长林 (2000). 天祝金强河高寒地区金露梅的热值及其季节动态. 草业科学, 17(2), 1-4.]
[45]	Zhang SB, Zhang JL, Slik JWF, Cao KF (2012). Leaf element concentrations of terrestrial plants across China are influenced by taxonomy and the environment.Global Ecology & Biogeography, 21, 809-818.
[46]	Zu YG (1990). Introduction to Energy Ecology. Jilin Science & Technology Publishing House, Changchun. (in Chinese)[祖元刚 (1990). 能量生态学导论. 吉林科学技术出版社, 长春.]
[47]	Zu YG, Zhang HY (1986). Several technical problems in the measurement of plants’ caloric value.Chinese Journal of Ecology, 12(1), 1-4. (in Chinese)[祖元刚, 张宏一 (1986). 植物热值测定中的若干技术问题. 生态学杂志, 12(1), 1-4.]