植物生态学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (2): 125-139.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0013
• • 下一篇
收稿日期:
2014-09-28
接受日期:
2014-09-28
出版日期:
2015-02-01
发布日期:
2015-03-10
通讯作者:
王晓春
作者简介:
# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
ZHU Liang-Jun, JIN Guang-Ze, WANG Xiao-Chun*()
Received:
2014-09-28
Accepted:
2014-09-28
Online:
2015-02-01
Published:
2015-03-10
Contact:
Xiao-Chun WANG
About author:
# Co-first authors
摘要:
该文依托于小兴安岭典型阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林9 hm2森林动态监测样地, 对样地内林窗边缘主要树种红松和臭冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)进行生长释放判定分析, 重建了冠层树木的干扰历史。结果表明: 整体上林窗木与非林窗木的生长变化百分率变化规律基本一致, 而不同林窗间生长变化百分率存在明显的差异, 林窗干扰及其产生的影响存在较大的变异性。在1733-1738、1748-1752、1769-1771、1798-1801、1827-1833、1841-1844、1935-1939及1968-1973年间红松生长释放较强, 其中1752、1770、1800、1830、1842、1937及1970年出现了明显的干扰峰; 在1889-1904、1932-1938、1947-1973和1986-2005年间臭冷杉生长释放较强, 其中1894、1934、1951、1968和1990年出现了明显的干扰峰。红松干扰存在2.0 a、3.5 a、3.8 a、7.3-7.9 a和9.1-18.2 a的显著周期, 臭冷杉干扰存在3.5-3.6 a、7.5-48.8 a和65-85 a的显著周期。风干扰是典型阔叶红松林干扰释放的主要因子, 异常温度也影响该地区树木生长释放事件。太阳活动通过影响局地风速、温度、降水等气候因子以及其他大尺度气候模态影响林窗动态, 可能是小兴安岭典型阔叶红松林的干扰机制之一。
朱良军, 金光泽, 王晓春. 典型阔叶红松林干扰历史重建及干扰形成机制. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(2): 125-139. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0013
ZHU Liang-Jun,JIN Guang-Ze,WANG Xiao-Chun. Reconstruction of disturbance history of a typical broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest and mechanisms of disturbance occurrence. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(2): 125-139. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0013
图1 臭冷杉(A, B)和红松(C, D)林窗木与非林窗木生长变化百分率比较及其差值变化。
Fig. 1 Comparison of percentage growth changes between gap trees and non-gap trees for Abies nephrolepis (A, B) and Pinus koraiensis (C, D) and differences in percentage growth changes between trees in gap trees and non-gap trees.
项目 Items | 臭冷杉 Abies nephrolepis | 红松 Pinus koraiensis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
中等以上释放 Moderate and major releases | 主要释放 Major releases | 中等以上释放 Moderate and major releases | 主要释放 Major releases | ||
释放样芯所占比例(%) Percentage of cores with release (%) | 93.8 | 67.6 | 89.4 | 51.0 | |
单个样芯平均释放次数(平均值(最小值-最大值)) No. of release per core (mean (Min - Max) ) | 2.16 (0-6) | 1.05 (0-4) | 2.85 (0-9) | 0.87 (0-7) | |
单个林窗平均释放次数(次) No. of release per gap | 7.11 | 3.45 | 29.89 | 9.16 | |
生长释放期的平均长度(年)(平均值(最小值-最大值)) Mean release length (a)(mean (Min - Max) ) | 6.54 (5-11) | 6 (5-11) | 5.87 (5-19) | 5.57 (5-13) | |
初次释放平均年龄(年)(平均值(最小值-最大值)) Mean age of the first release (a) (mean (Min - Max)) | 32.14 (15-116) | 41.21 (15-128) | 41.97 (12-190) | 60.59 (13-223) | |
平均间隔期(年)(平均值(最小值-最大值)) Mean interval of releases per core (a) (mean (Min - Max) ) | 16.56 (2-67) | 18.02 (2-63) | 27.78 (2-162) | 31.85 (2-168) | |
每10 a生长释放比例(%) Percentage of release per 10 a (%) | 17.23 | 8.79 | 11.61 | 3.13 | |
每10 a干扰强度(%) Disturbance intensity per 10 a (%) | 7.98 | 8.37 | 4.07 | 3.60 | |
干扰间隔(年) Disturbance interval (a) | 125 | 119 | 245 | 278 |
表1 红松和臭冷杉生长释放特征统计
Table 1 Statistics of characteristics in growth release in Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis
项目 Items | 臭冷杉 Abies nephrolepis | 红松 Pinus koraiensis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
中等以上释放 Moderate and major releases | 主要释放 Major releases | 中等以上释放 Moderate and major releases | 主要释放 Major releases | ||
释放样芯所占比例(%) Percentage of cores with release (%) | 93.8 | 67.6 | 89.4 | 51.0 | |
单个样芯平均释放次数(平均值(最小值-最大值)) No. of release per core (mean (Min - Max) ) | 2.16 (0-6) | 1.05 (0-4) | 2.85 (0-9) | 0.87 (0-7) | |
单个林窗平均释放次数(次) No. of release per gap | 7.11 | 3.45 | 29.89 | 9.16 | |
生长释放期的平均长度(年)(平均值(最小值-最大值)) Mean release length (a)(mean (Min - Max) ) | 6.54 (5-11) | 6 (5-11) | 5.87 (5-19) | 5.57 (5-13) | |
初次释放平均年龄(年)(平均值(最小值-最大值)) Mean age of the first release (a) (mean (Min - Max)) | 32.14 (15-116) | 41.21 (15-128) | 41.97 (12-190) | 60.59 (13-223) | |
平均间隔期(年)(平均值(最小值-最大值)) Mean interval of releases per core (a) (mean (Min - Max) ) | 16.56 (2-67) | 18.02 (2-63) | 27.78 (2-162) | 31.85 (2-168) | |
每10 a生长释放比例(%) Percentage of release per 10 a (%) | 17.23 | 8.79 | 11.61 | 3.13 | |
每10 a干扰强度(%) Disturbance intensity per 10 a (%) | 7.98 | 8.37 | 4.07 | 3.60 | |
干扰间隔(年) Disturbance interval (a) | 125 | 119 | 245 | 278 |
图2 小兴安岭红松干扰年表。A, 生长释放树木个数随时间的变化。B, 生长释放树木数量占总采样树木数量的比例随时间的变化。
Fig. 2 Disturbance chronology of Pinus koraiensis in Xiaoxing’an Mountain. A, Number of trees with release changes over time. B, Percentage of trees with release changes over time.
图3 小兴安岭臭冷杉干扰年表。A, 生长释放树木个数随时间的变化。B, 生长释放树木数量占总采样树木的比例随时间的变化。
Fig. 3 Disturbance chronology of Abies nephrolepis in Xiaoxing’an Mountain. A, number of trees with release changes over time. B, percentage of trees with release changes over time.
图4 红松(A)和臭冷杉(B)干扰年表的多带谱分析。图中数值代表该时段周期显著(p < 0.01)。
Fig. 4 Multi-taper method spectrums analysis for Pinus koraiensis (A) and Abies nephrolepis (B) disturbance chronologies. Values shown in the figure represent significant periods (p < 0.01).
图5 红松和臭冷杉生长变化百分率与月平均风速(A)、最大风速(B)异常值的相关性。灰色柱表示显著相关(p < 0.05)。P表示前一年, 如”P8”指前一年8月。
Fig. 5 Correlation coefficients between percentage growth changes in Pinus koraiensis (black bar) and Abies nephrolepis (blank bar) and monthly mean wind speed (A) and maximum anomalous wind speed (B). The gray columns indicate significant correlations (p < 0.05). The letter P represents the previous year. For instance, “P8” represents the previous August.
图6 最大异常风速与红松(A)和臭冷杉(B)生长变化百分率的叠加事件分析。
Fig. 6 Superimposed events analysis between maximum anomalous wind speed and percentage growth changes in Pinus koraiensis (A) and Abies nephrolepis (B).
图7 红松(A)和臭冷杉(B)生长变化百分率与月最低气温、最高气温异常值的相关性。灰色柱表示显著相关(p < 0.05)。P表示前一年, 如”P8”指前一年8月。
Fig. 7 Correlation coefficients between percentage growth changes in Pinus koraiensis (A) and Abies nephrolepis (B) and minimum anomalous air temperature and maximum anomalous air temperature. The gray columns indicate significant correlations (p < 0.05). The letter P represents the previous year. For instance, “P8” represents the previous August.
图8 极端气温与红松(A)和臭冷杉(B)生长变化百分率的叠加事件分析。灰色柱表示显著相关(p < 0.05)
Fig. 8 Superimposed events analysis between extreme air temperatures and percentage growth changes in Pinus koraiensis (A) and Abies nephrolepis (B). The gray columns indicate significant correlations (p < 0.05).
图9 风倒木照片。A, 水曲柳掘根风倒。B, 红松干中折断。
Fig. 9 Photos of windthrow. A, Fraxinus mandschurica tree uprooted by the wind. B, Pinus koraiensis tree broken on trunk.
图10 红松和臭冷杉生长变化百分率与月太阳黑子数异常值的相关性。柱体的灰色表示显著相关(p < 0.05)。P表示前一年, 如”P8”指前一年8月。
Fig. 10 Correlation coefficients between percentage growth changes in Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis and monthly sunspot number anomalous value. The gray color of columns indicate significant correlations (p < 0.05). The letter P in the horizontal axis represents the previous year. For instance, “P8” represents the previous August.
图11 太阳黑子爆发与红松(A)和臭冷杉(B)生长变化百分率的叠加事件分析。灰色柱表示显著相关(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 11 Superimposed events analysis between sunspot eruption and percentage growth changes in Pinus koraiensis (A) and Abies nephrolepis (B). The gray columns indicate significant correlations (p < 0.05).
月份 Month | 平均最低气温 Minimum mean air temperature | 平均最高气温 Maximum mean air temperature | 极端最低气温 Extremely minimum air temperature | 极端最高气温 Extremely maximum air temperature | 平均风速 Mean wind speed | 最大风速 Maximum wind speed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P7 | 0.22 | -0.32 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.48 | -0.01 |
P8 | 0.10 | 0.28 | -0.07 | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.56 |
P9 | 0.43 | -0.27 | 0.41 | -0.22 | 0.38 | 0.43 |
P10 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.13 | -0.30 | -0.09 | -0.21 |
P11 | 0.49 | 0.22 | 0.60 | -0.01 | 0.13 | 0.03 |
P12 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.35 |
1 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.51 | 0.16 | -0.55 | -0.41 |
2 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.39 | 0.11 | -0.39 | -0.15 |
3 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.06 | -0.31 |
4 | 0.28 | -0.02 | 0.45 | -0.15 | 0.45 | 0.23 |
5 | -0.31 | -0.24 | 0.18 | -0.21 | -0.17 | -0.39 |
6 | -0.37 | -0.47 | -0.07 | -0.36 | 0.07 | -0.21 |
7 | 0.16 | -0.40 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.32 | -0.10 |
8 | 0.08 | 0.10 | -0.24 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.40 |
9 | 0.53 | -0.14 | 0.54 | -0.19 | 0.02 | 0.14 |
10 | 0.18 | -0.02 | 0.10 | -0.49 | 0.00 | -0.07 |
表2 太阳黑子与月气象数据异常值的相关性分析
Table 2 Correlation coefficients between monthly sunspot values and monthly anomalous weather climate variables
月份 Month | 平均最低气温 Minimum mean air temperature | 平均最高气温 Maximum mean air temperature | 极端最低气温 Extremely minimum air temperature | 极端最高气温 Extremely maximum air temperature | 平均风速 Mean wind speed | 最大风速 Maximum wind speed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P7 | 0.22 | -0.32 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.48 | -0.01 |
P8 | 0.10 | 0.28 | -0.07 | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.56 |
P9 | 0.43 | -0.27 | 0.41 | -0.22 | 0.38 | 0.43 |
P10 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.13 | -0.30 | -0.09 | -0.21 |
P11 | 0.49 | 0.22 | 0.60 | -0.01 | 0.13 | 0.03 |
P12 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.35 |
1 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.51 | 0.16 | -0.55 | -0.41 |
2 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.39 | 0.11 | -0.39 | -0.15 |
3 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.06 | -0.31 |
4 | 0.28 | -0.02 | 0.45 | -0.15 | 0.45 | 0.23 |
5 | -0.31 | -0.24 | 0.18 | -0.21 | -0.17 | -0.39 |
6 | -0.37 | -0.47 | -0.07 | -0.36 | 0.07 | -0.21 |
7 | 0.16 | -0.40 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.32 | -0.10 |
8 | 0.08 | 0.10 | -0.24 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.40 |
9 | 0.53 | -0.14 | 0.54 | -0.19 | 0.02 | 0.14 |
10 | 0.18 | -0.02 | 0.10 | -0.49 | 0.00 | -0.07 |
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