亚洲东部森林的小气候特征: 1. 辐射和能量的平衡

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0052

植物生态学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (6): 541-553.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0052

亚洲东部森林的小气候特征: 1. 辐射和能量的平衡

谭正洪^1,^*(), 于贵瑞², 周国逸³, 韩士杰⁴, 夏禹九⁵, 前田高尚⁶, 小杉绿子⁷, 山野井克己⁸, 李胜功², 太田岳史⁹, 平田竜一¹⁰, 安田幸生¹¹, 中野隆志¹², 小南裕志¹³, 北村兼三¹⁴, 溝口康子¹², 廖志勇¹, 赵俊福¹, 杨廉雁¹

¹中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园热带森林生态学重点实验室, 昆明 650223, 中国
²中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101, 中国
³中国科学院华南植物园, 广州 510650, 中国
⁴中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所, 沈阳 110016, 中国
⁵东华大学环境学院, 台湾花莲 97401, 中国
⁶日本产业技术综合研究所环境管理技术研究部门,筑波 305-8569, 日本
⁷京都大学农学研究科,京都 606-8501, 日本
⁸日本森林综合研究所北海道支所, 札幌 062-8516, 日本
⁹名古屋大学生命农学研究科, 名古屋 464-8601, 日本
¹⁰日本国立环境研究所地球环境研究中心,筑波 305-8506, 日本
¹¹日本森林综合研究所东北支所, 岩手 020-0123, 日本
¹²日本森林综合研究所气象环境研究领域, 筑波 305-8687, 日本
¹³日本森林综合研究所关西支所, 京都 612-0855, 日本
¹⁴日本森林综合研究所九州支所, 熊本 860-0862, 日本

收稿日期:2014-10-09 接受日期:2015-03-31 出版日期:2015-06-01 发布日期:2015-07-02
通讯作者: 谭正洪
作者简介:
*作者简介: E-mail:tanzh@xtbg.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31200347)

Microclimate of forests across East Asia biomes: 1. Radiation and energy balance

TAN Zheng-Hong^1,^*(), YU Gui-Rui², ZHOU Guo-Yi³, HAN Shi-Jie⁴, HSIA Yue-Joe⁵, MAEDA Takashi⁶, KOSUGI Yoshiko⁷, YAMANOI Katsumi⁸, LI Sheng-Gong², OHTA Takeshi⁹, HIRATA Ryuichi¹⁰, YASUDA Yukio¹¹, NAKANO Takashi¹², KOMINAMI Yuji¹³, KITAMURA Kenzo¹⁴, MIZOGUCHI Yasuko¹², LIAO Zhi-Yong¹, ZHAO Jun-Fu¹, YANG Lian-Yan¹

¹Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
²Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
³South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
⁴Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
⁵College of Environmental Studies, Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, China
⁶Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
⁷Graduate School Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
⁸Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
⁹Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
¹⁰Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
¹¹Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Iwate 020-0123, Japan
¹²Department of Meteorological Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
¹³Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
¹⁴Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan

Received:2014-10-09 Accepted:2015-03-31 Online:2015-06-01 Published:2015-07-02
Contact: Zheng-Hong TAN
About author:
# Co-first authors

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

森林小气候是森林植被与区域气候相互作用所形成的局地环境系统。森林小气候的研究, 不仅是一项关于森林生态系统运行机理的理论研究工作, 对农林业生产也具有现实的指导意义, 在全球变化形势下其重要性又进一步凸显。辐射的收支、能量的平衡与分配是小气候特征形成的基础。对森林辐射收支和能量分配的研究, 过去主要以单站点为主, 系统的区域分析十分匮乏。该文采用亚洲东部17个森林站点的实测数据, 分析了生态系统的辐射收支和能量平衡, 探讨了区域尺度上辐射特征量的纬度变异性及其预测关系式, 建立了亚洲东部森林带典型森林生态系统的辐射和能量收支模式。所选站点以水平地带性为主, 为区域分析奠定了基础。研究发现, 辐射特征量具有明显的纬度依赖性, 辐射特征量和纬度二者的关系可以用于相应的预测。比如, 太阳辐射随着纬度的变化关系为: y = 6205 - 42.15x (p < 0.01), 即纬度每上升1°, 太阳辐射年总量下降42 MJ, 理论最大值为6205 MJ。净辐射的纬度趋势更加显著(r = -0.89, p < 0.0001), 其线性回归关系为: y = 4340 - 45.60x。亚洲东部森林蒸散比(EF)与降水量(P)之间的定量关系为: EF = 0.7098(1 - exp(-0.0026P))。通过对比不同森林带的辐射和能量模式, 发现亚热带森林在辐射收支上与温带森林相近, 波文比既高于温带森林, 也高于热带森林, 表明更多的净辐射能用于显热交换。关于亚热带森林在小气候和物质代谢方面的特殊性, 值得进一步分析研究。

关键词: 亚热带森林, 纬度地带性, 蒸散比, 太阳辐射, 能量分配

Abstract: Aims

Forest microclimate is the local environment generated through the interaction between regional climate and forest structure. Studies on forest microclimate not only have theoretical significances in ecology but also practical meanings in forest management practices and wood production. Radiation budget and energy balance is the basis for microclimate. Few studies have performed the radiatoin budget and energy balance analysis at regional scale. Here, we focused at this for the East Asia.

Methods

A total of 17 forest sites in the East Asia across biomes were used in this study. Measurements on solar radiation, long-wave radiation, net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and soil heat flux were compiled in the context of radiation and energy conservation. The annual variations of radiation and energy components were analyzed by site. Mean annual radiation and energy were related to latitude. The radiation and energy conservation equations were established for each forest biome by the multi-site block averages.

Important findings

Forest radiation properties (i.e. solar radiation, net radiation, albedo) showed a linear trend with latitude among the sites. For example, the solar radiation and latitude relationship is: y = 6205 - 42.15x (p < 0.01), indicating that solar radiation decreases with latitude at a rate of 42 MJ per degree with a theoretical maximum of 6205 MJ. A more significant relationship was found between net radiation and latitude: y = 4340 - 45.60x (r = -0.89, p < 0.0001). The radiation and energy budgets of boreal, temperate, subtropical and tropical forest were established. Evapotranspiration fraction (EF) was highly correlated with precipitation (P) as: EF = 0.7098(1 - exp(-0.0026P)) (R² = 0.7451, p < 0.0001). Subtropical forest showed a unique pattern in this cross-biome analysis but needs further studies in the future.

Key words: subtropical forest, latitude trend, evapotranspiration fraction, solar radiation, energy partitioning

谭正洪, 于贵瑞, 周国逸, 韩士杰, 夏禹九, 前田高尚, 小杉绿子, 山野井克己, 李胜功, 太田岳史, 平田竜一, 安田幸生, 中野隆志, 小南裕志, 北村兼三, 溝口康子, 廖志勇, 赵俊福, 杨廉雁. 亚洲东部森林的小气候特征: 1. 辐射和能量的平衡. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(6): 541-553. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0052

TAN Zheng-Hong,YU Gui-Rui,ZHOU Guo-Yi,HAN Shi-Jie,HSIA Yue-Joe,MAEDA Takashi,KOSUGI Yoshiko,YAMANOI Katsumi,LI Sheng-Gong,OHTA Takeshi,HIRATA Ryuichi,YASUDA Yukio,NAKANO Takashi,KOMINAMI Yuji,KITAMURA Kenzo,MIZOGUCHI Yasuko,LIAO Zhi-Yong,ZHAO Jun-Fu,YANG Lian-Yan. Microclimate of forests across East Asia biomes: 1. Radiation and energy balance. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(6): 541-553. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0052

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0052

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2015/V39/I6/541

图/表 10

表1 本研究17个站点的信息

Table 1 Site characteristics of the 16 sites in this study

图1 森林冠层上方年平均气温随着纬度的变化趋势及其线性回归关系。

Fig. 1 Changes in annual mean air temperature with latitude.

图2 各森林带典型森林冠层上方太阳辐射的年变化。A, SKT站数据, 代表北方针叶林。B, TMK站数据, 代表温带森林。C, DHS站数据, 代表亚热带森林。D, PSO站数据, 代表热带森林。每一个数据点是多年平均日总量值。站点信息见表1。

Fig. 2 The annual cycle of solar radiation above forest canopy across forest biomes. A, SKT for boreal forest. B, TMK for temperate forest. C, DHS for subtropical forest. D, PSO for tropical forest. Each value is the daily sum of multi-year means. Site information sees Table 1.

图3 各森林带典型森林冠层上方净辐射的年变化。A, SKT站数据, 代表北方针叶林。B, TMK站数据, 代表温带森林。C, DHS站数据, 代表亚热带森林。D, PSO站数据, 代表热带森林。每一个数据点是多年平均日总量值。站点信息见表1。

Fig. 3 The annual cycle of net radiation above forest canopy across forest biomes. A, SKT for boreal forest. B, TMKfor temperate forest. C, DHS for subtropical forest. D, PSO for tropical forest. Each value is the daily sum of multi-year means. Site information sees Table 1.

图4 各森林带典型森林冠层上方反照率的年变化。A, SKT站数据, 代表北方针叶林。B, TMK站数据, 代表温带森林。C, DHS站数据, 代表亚热带森林。D, PSO站数据, 代表热带森林。每一个数据点是多年日平均值。站点信息见表1。

Fig. 4 The annual cycle of albedo above forest canopy across forest biomes. A, SKT for boreal forest. B, TMK for temperate forest. C, DHS for subtropical forest. D, PSO for tropical forest. Each value is the daily average of multi-year means. Site information sees Table 1.

图5 各森林带典型森林波文比的年变化。A, SKT站数据, 代表北方针叶林。B, TMK站数据, 代表温带森林。C, DHS站数据, 代表亚热带森林。D, PSO站数据, 代表热带森林。每一个数据点是多年平均日均值。站点信息见表1。

Fig. 5 The annual cycle of Bowen ratio above forest canopy across forest biomes. A, SKT for boreal forest. B, TMK for temperate forest. C, DHS for subtropical forest. D, PSO for tropical forest. Each value is the daily sum of multi-year means. Site information sees Table 1.

图6 各森林带典型森林土壤热通量的年变化。A, SKT站数据, 代表北方针叶林。B, TMK站数据, 代表温带森林。C, DHS站数据, 代表亚热带林。D, PSO站数据, 代表热带森林。每一个数据点是多年平均日总量值。站点信息见表1。

Fig. 6 The annual cycle of soil heat flux above forest canopy across forest biomes. A, SKT for boreal forest. B, TMK for temperate forest. C, DHS for subtropical forest. D, PSO for tropical forest. Each value is the daily average of multi-year means. Site information sees Table 1.

表2 各森林辐射和能量特征参数的总表

Table 2 Summary of the forest radiation and energy properties

序号 No.	站点 Site	太阳辐射 Solar radiation (R_g) (MJ·m^-2·a^-1)	反射辐射 Upward shortwave radiation (MJ·m^-2·a^-1)	净辐射 Net radiation (R_n) (MJ·m^-2·a^-1)	有效辐射 Net longwave radiation losses (MJ·m^-2·a^-1)	土壤热通量 Soil heat flux (MJ·m^-2·a^-1)	反照率 Albedo	净辐射总辐射比 R_n/R_g	波文比 Bowen ratio	蒸散比 Evapotranspiration fraction
1	YLF	2 988	400	1 675	913	-	0.26	0.56	1.26	0.44
2	YPF	3 645	571	1 941	1 133	-	0.24	0.53	-	-
3	SKT	5 397	537	2 060	2 800	-85	0.10	0.38	2.53	0.28
4	SAP	4 661	882	2 340	1 439	-10	0.20	0.50	0.27	0.78
5	TMK	4 197	625	2 490	1 082	-2	0.15	0.59	0.65	0.60
6	CBS	5 012	-	2 323	-	-	-	0.46	0.68	0.59
7	API	4 024	758	1 999	1 276	-22	0.19	0.50	0.28	0.77
8	KWG	4 813	482	2 401	1 930	-23	0.10	0.50	0.31	0.75
9	FJY	5 120	556	3 006	1 558	15	0.10	0.59	0.31	0.75
10	YMS	4 580	632	2 824	1 124	-	0.14	0.62	-	-
11	KHW	4 935	432	3 151	1 352	-	0.09	0.64	0.35	0.73
12	QYZ	4 189	-	2 707	-	-	-	0.65	0.43	0.69
13	CLM	3 834	373	2 559	902	-18	0.10	0.67	0.70	0.58
14	DHS	4 551	349	2 815	1 387	-28	0.08	0.62	0.54	0.65
15	MKL	6 380	845	4 273	1 262	-38	0.13	0.67	0.45	0.68
16	SKR	6 185	816	3 918	1 451	-15	0.13	0.63	0.70	0.58
17	PSO	6 255	701	4 547	1 007	-30	0.11	0.73	0.46	0.68

图7 森林辐射的纬度依赖性。A, 太阳辐射(Rn)。B, 净辐射(Rg)。C, 净辐射与太阳辐射的比值。D, 反照率。每一个数据点是年值。

Fig. 7 The dependence of radiation on latitude. A, solar radiation (Rn). B, net radiation (Rg). C, ratio between net and solar radiation (Rg / Rn). D, albedo. Each value in the plot represents the annual sums.

图8 蒸散比(EF)与降水量(P)之间的关系。其中CLM站的数据未包含在拟合曲线中。

Fig. 8 Relationships between evapotranspiration fraction (EF) and precipitation (P). CLM site was not included in the regression.

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亚洲东部森林的小气候特征: 1. 辐射和能量的平衡

Microclimate of forests across East Asia biomes: 1. Radiation and energy balance

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