中国典型陆地生态系统波文比特征及影响因素

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0301

植物生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 119-130.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0301

中国典型陆地生态系统波文比特征及影响因素

黄松宇¹^,², 贾昕¹^,²^,³^,^*(), 郑甲佳¹^,², 杨睿智¹^,², 牟钰¹^,², 袁和第¹

¹北京林业大学水土保持学院, 北京 100083
²宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地生态系统国家定位观测研究站, 北京 100083
³北京林业大学水土保持国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 北京 100083

收稿日期:2019-11-06 接受日期:2020-05-12 出版日期:2021-02-20 发布日期:2020-06-08
通讯作者: 贾昕
作者简介:*(xinjia@bjfu.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31670708);国家自然科学基金(31670710);国家自然科学基金(31901366);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2015ZCQ-SB-02)

Characteristics and influencing factors of Bowen ratio variation in typical terrestrial ecosystems in China

HUANG Song-Yu¹^,², JIA Xin¹^,²^,³^,^*(), ZHENG Jia-Jia¹^,², YANG Rui-Zhi¹^,², MU Yu¹^,², YUAN He-Di¹

¹School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
²Yanchi Ecology Research Station of MU US Desert, Beijing 100083, China
³Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2019-11-06 Accepted:2020-05-12 Online:2021-02-20 Published:2020-06-08
Contact: JIA Xin
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31670708);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31670710);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901366);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2015ZCQ-SB-02)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

波文比(β)是陆面过程中的重要参数, 影响着地表和大气间的能量交换, 明确β的空间变异规律和影响因素有助于对地表能量平衡和气候间反馈关系的预测。该研究收集了在中国不同生态系统类型开展的用涡度相关法(EC)测量地表能量平衡的公开发表文献, 构建了β和气象环境因子数据库, 分析了β在生态系统之间的差异、空间变异特征及影响因素。主要结果: (1)所有生态系统β平均值为0.95 ± 0.64, 变异系数67%, 偏度1.58, 峰度3.07, 整体服从对数正态分布, β平均值最高为灌木生态系统(1.26), 最低为湿地生态系统(0.49)。(2) β在生态系统类型间差异显著: 森林和湿地生态系统β无显著差异, 灌木生态系统β >草地生态系统 β >森林和湿地生态系统 β, 农田生态系统β介于草地生态系统与森林和湿地生态系统之间。(3) β随着纬度的增加而增加, 不随经度和海拔变化。纬度每增加1°,β增加0.038。(4) β随着年降水量(MAP)、年平均气温(MAT)、净辐射(R_n)、当年降水量(PPT)、当年平均气温(T_a)和叶面积指数(LAI)的增加而降低。(5)不同生态系统中β对生物和非生物因素的响应存在显著差异: 草地、森林和灌木生态系统的β对生物和非生物因素变化较为敏感, 而农田和湿地生态系统的β与所有生物和非生物因素均无显著相关关系。(6) MAP和R_n是β变化的直接影响因素, LAI通过影响R_n间接影响β。结果表明了植被类型与气候因素之间具有交互作用, 能量分配最主要的影响因素是降水, 叶面积对能量分配的调节作用并不显著。

关键词: 波文比, 潜热通量, 显热通量, 生态系统, 能量分配, 气候, 叶面积指数

Abstract:

Aims Bowen ratio (β) is an important parameter in land-surface processes. It affects the energy exchange between the surface and the atmosphere. This paper used integrated analyses to investigate the spatial variability and influencing factors of β.
Methods We collected the published literature on the measurement of surface energy balance by the Eddy Covariance (EC) method carried out in different ecosystem types in China, constructed the database of β and meteorological environment factors and analyzed the difference of β among ecosystems, the spatial variation characteristics of β and its influencing factors.
Important findings (1) The variation of β follows a lognormal distribution. The average β in all ecosystems was 0.95 ± 0.64, the coefficient of variation of β was 67%, the skewness was 1.58, and the kurtosis was 3.07. The shrub ecosystem has the highest mean value (1.26) and the wetland ecosystem has the lowest (0.49). (2) β is significantly different among ecosystems: β of shrub ecosystems is significantly higher than those in grassland, forest and wetland ecosystems, and β of croplands is between grassland ecosystems and forest with wetland ecosystems. (3) β increases with increasing latitude and does not change with longitude and altitude. For every 1° increase in latitude,β increases by 0.038. (4) β decreases with increase in mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), net radiation (R_n), precipitation of the studied year (PPT), mean temperature of the studied year (T_a), and leaf area index (LAI). (5) There are significant differences in the response of β to biotic and abiotic factors in different ecosystems: β of grassland, forest and shrub ecosystems are sensitive to changes in biotic and abiotic factors, while β of croplands and wetland ecosystems have no correlations with biotic and abiotic factors. (6) MAPand R_n are the direct factors influencing β. MAT affects βindirectly by affecting MAP, R_n and LAI. LAI affects β indirectly by affectingR_n. Our results indicate significant effect of the interaction between vegetation types and climatic factors on β. The most important factor affecting energy distribution is precipitation, and the regulation of leaf area on energy distribution is not significant.

Key words: Bowen ratio, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, ecosystems, energy partitioning, climate, Leaf Area Index

黄松宇, 贾昕, 郑甲佳, 杨睿智, 牟钰, 袁和第. 中国典型陆地生态系统波文比特征及影响因素. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(2): 119-130. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0301

HUANG Song-Yu, JIA Xin, ZHENG Jia-Jia, YANG Rui-Zhi, MU Yu, YUAN He-Di. Characteristics and influencing factors of Bowen ratio variation in typical terrestrial ecosystems in China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(2): 119-130. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0301

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2019.0301

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2021/V45/I2/119

图/表 12

表1 中国典型陆地生态系统波文比数据库主要信息

Table 1 Main information of the Bowen ratio dataset in Chinese typical terrestrial ecosystems

变量名称 Variable name	缩写 Abbreviation	单位 Unit	变量名称 Variable name	缩写 Abbreviation	单位 Unit
纬度 Latitude	Lat	°	当年降水量 Annual precipitation of the studied year	PPT	mm
经度 Longitude	Lon	°	净辐射 Net radiation	R_n	MJ·m^-2·a^-1
海拔 Altitude	Alt	m	土壤热通量 Soil heat flux	G	MJ·m^-2·a^-1
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature	MAT	℃	显热通量 Sensible heat flux	H	MJ·m^-2·a^-1
年降水量 Mean annual precipitation	MAP	mm	潜热通量 Latent heat flux	LE	MJ·m^-2·a^-1
生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	-	-	波文比 Bowen ratio	β	-
叶面积指数 Leaf Area Index	LAI	m²·m^-2	能量闭合度 Energy balance closure	EBC	-
当年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature of the studied year	T_a	℃	能量平衡比率 Energy balance ratio	EBR	-

图1 中国典型陆地生态系统波文比数据来源站点分布图。

Fig. 1 Distribution of the data resources of Bowen ratio in typical terrestrial ecosystems in China. CRO, cropland ecosystems; FOR, forest ecosystems; GRA, grassland ecosystems; SHR, shrubland ecosystems; WET, wetland ecosystems.

图2 中国典型陆地生态系统波文比(β)频数分布。

Fig. 2 Frequency distribution of Bowen ratio (β) in typical terrestrial ecosystems in China.

图3 不同生态系统类型波文比(β)分布箱线图。小写字母表示多重比较的结果, 相同的字母表示生态系统之间的β差异不显著(p > 0.5), 不同的字母表示生态系统之间的β差异显著(p < 0.5)。n为样本量。CRO, 农田生态系统; FOR, 森林生态系统; GRA, 草地生态系统; SHR, 灌丛生态系统; WET, 湿地生态系统。

Fig. 3 Boxing diagram of the Bowen ratio (β) of different ecosystem types. Lowercase letters indicate the results of multiple comparisons. The same letter indicates that the difference of β between ecosystems is not significant (p > 0.5), while different letters indicate significant differences in β between ecosystems (p < 0.5). n is the sample size. CRO, cropland ecosystems; FOR, forest ecosystems; GRA, grassland ecosystems; SHR, shrubland ecosystems; WET, wetland ecosystems.

图4 中国陆地生态系统的波文比(β)、显热通量(H)、潜热通量(LE)与纬度、经度和海拔高度之间的关系。

Fig. 4 Relationships between the Bowen ratio (β), sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE) and latitude, longitude and altitude of terrestrial ecosystems in China. CRO, cropland ecosystems; FOR, forest ecosystems; GRA, grassland ecosystems; SHR, shrubland ecosystems; WET, wetland ecosystems.

表2 波文比(β)与地理、气候及生物因素在不同生态系统中的线性回归结果

Table 2 Linear regressions between Bowen ratio (β) and geographical, climatic and biological factors in different ecosystems

影响因素 Influencing factor	生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	回归方程 Regression equation	样本数 Sample size	R²
纬度 Lat	FOR	β= 0.016Lat - 0.02	12	0.57^**
经度 Lon	FOR	β= 0.014Lon -1.13	12	0.32^*
年降水量 MAP	GRA	β= -0.00076MAP + 1.46	22	0.22^*
	FOR	β= -0.00021MAP + 0.73	12	0.36^*
	SHR	β= -0.0046MAP + 3.73	4	0.91^*
当年降水量 PPT	GRA	β= -0.00082PPT + 1.43	15	0.41^**
当年降水量 PPT	FOR	β= -0.00025PPT + 0.77	10	0.42^*
年平均气温 MAT	FOR	β= -0.017MAT + 0.74	11	0.45^*
当年平均气温 T_a	FOR	β= -0.020T_a + 0.77	8	0.48^*
净辐射 R_n	GRA	β= -000063R_n + 2.54	20	0.34^***
净辐射 R_n	SHR	β= -0.0021R_n + 7.09	4	0.97^*
叶面积指数 LAI	GRA	β= -0.20LAI + 1.45	12	0.34^*

表3 显热通量(H)与地理、气候及生物因素在不同生态系统中的线性回归结果

Table 3 Linear regressions between sensible heat flux (H) and geographical, climatic and biological factors in different ecosystems

影响因素 Influencing factor	生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	回归方程 Regression equation	样本数 Sample size	R²
纬度 Lat	SHR	H =-373.96Lat + 15579.69	4	0.90^*
当年降水量 PPT	FOR	H =-0.20PPT + 1015.80	10	0.41^*
净辐射 R_n	SHR	H= 0.36R_n + 521.99	4	0.99^**

表4 潜热通量(LE)与地理、气候及生物因素在不同生态系统中的线性回归结果

Table 4 Linear regressions between latent heat flux (LE) and geographical, climatic and biological factors in different ecosystems

影响因素 Influencing factor	生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	回归方程 Regression equation	样本数 Sample size	R²
纬度 Lat	GRA	LE= -45.40Lat +2767.46	22	0.36^**
	CRO	LE= -57.21Lat + 3424.40	12	0.48^**
	FOR	LE= -40.80Lat + 3032.86	12	0.62^**
经度 Lon	CRO	LE= -21.36Lon -3604.25	12	0.30^*
经度 Lon	FOR	LE =-36.92Lon +5944.80	12	0.39^*
海拔 Alt	SHR	LE= 0.43Alt -116.08	4	0.89^*
年降水量 MAP	GRA	LE =0.64MAP +683.66	22	0.34^**
	CRO	LE =1.18MAP +500.76	10	0.52^*
	FOR	LE= 0.50MAP + 1203.54	12	0.36^*
	SHR	LE= 2.19MAP - 78.90	4	0.97^**
当年降水量 PPT	GRA	LE= 0.65PPT + 725.23	15	0.44^**
年平均气温 MAT	FOR	LE =45.30MAT +1122.30	11	0.61^**
年平均气温 MAT	SHR	LE= -80.99MAT + 1200.72	4	0.90^*
当年平均气温 T_a	FOR	LE= 54.34T_a + 1024.19	8	0.62^*
净辐射 R_n	GRA	LE= 0.47R_n - 53.39	20	0.51^***
	FOR	LE= 0.58R_n + 39.06	12	0.61^**
	WET	LE= 0.69R_n - 441.67	5	0.77^*

图5 中国陆地生态系统的波文比(β)与年降水量(MAP)、当年降水量(PPT)、年平均气温(MAT)、当年平均气温(Ta)、净辐射(Rn)和叶面积指数(LAI)的关系。

Fig. 5 Relationships between Bowen ratio (β) and mean annual precipitation (MAP), annual precipitation of the studied year (PPT), mean annual air temperature (MAT), mean annual air temperature of the studied year (Ta), net radiation (Rn) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) of China's terrestrial ecosystems. CRO, cropland ecosystems; FOR, forest ecosystems; GRA, grassland ecosystems; SHR, shrubland ecosystems; WET, wetland ecosystems.

图6 中国陆地生态系统的显热通量(H)与年降水量(MAP)、当年降水量(PPT)、多年平均气温(MAT)、当年平均气温(Ta)、净辐射(Rn)和叶面积指数(LAI)之间的关系。

Fig. 6 Relationships between sensible heat flux (β) and mean annual precipitation (MAP), annual precipitation of the studied year (PPT), mean annual air temperature (MAT), mean annual air temperature of the studied year (Ta), net radiation (Rn) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) of China's terrestrial ecosystems. CRO, cropland ecosystems; FOR, forest ecosystems; GRA, grassland ecosystems; SHR, shrubland ecosystems; WET, wetland ecosystems.

图7 中国陆地生态系统的潜热通量(LE)与年降水量(MAP)、当年降水量(PPT)、多年平均气温(MAT)、当年平均气温(Ta)、净辐射(Rn)和叶面积指数(LAI)之间的关系。

Fig. 7 The relationships between latent heat flux (LE) and mean annual precipitation (MAP), annual precipitation of the studied year (PPT), mean annual air temperature (MAT), mean annual air temperature of the studied year (Ta), net radiation (Rn) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) of China's terrestrial ecosystems. CRO, cropland ecosystems; FOR, forest ecosystems; GRA, grassland ecosystems; SHR, shrubland ecosystems; WET, wetland ecosystems.

图8 年降水量(MAP)、年平均气温(MAT)、净辐射(Rn)和叶面积指数(LAI)对波文比(β)影响的路径分析图。结构方程模型(SEM)的统计结果为χ2= 1.75, df = 2, p = 0.093, RMSEA = 0.038。实线和虚线箭头分别代表正相关和负相关。每个箭头上的数字为标准化路径系数。粗体数字分别为LAI、Rn和β统计结果的解释度R2。

Fig. 8 Path diagrams for the effects of mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual air temperature (MAT), net radiation (Rn) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). The statistical results of the structural equation model (SEM) are χ2 = 1.75, df = 2, p = 0.093, RMSEA = 0.038. Solid and dashed arrows represent positive and negative correlations, respectively. The figure for each arrow is the standardized path coefficient. The bold numbers are the explained variance (R2) of LAI, Rn and β, respectively.

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中国典型陆地生态系统波文比特征及影响因素

Characteristics and influencing factors of Bowen ratio variation in typical terrestrial ecosystems in China

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