塔里木河下游河岸带植被的空间结构特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0102

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

揭示我国内陆河流域下游河岸带植被的空间结构特征, 对于了解我国西北干旱区荒漠河岸带植被的空间分布规律、指导荒漠化治理和内陆河水资源管理具有重要意义。该研究基于野外大范围植被调查数据支持下的遥感监督分类方法, 利用Landsat-8 OLI遥感数字图像, 辨识了塔里木河下游柽柳(Tamarix spp.)灌丛、胡杨(Populus euphratica)疏林和芦苇(Phragmites australis)草地3类主要的河岸带植被, 并利用建立的叶面积指数(LAI)遥感反演经验模型反演了研究区柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林的叶面积指数, 旨在从区域尺度和总体趋势上分析荒漠河岸带植被的空间结构和分布特征。结果表明: 在有详细地物资料的基础上, 遥感监督分类可以作为一种干旱区荒漠河岸带植被分类的有效方法; 遥感分类结果显示塔里木河下游胡杨疏林分布面积约336.4 km², 柽柳灌丛约为405.3 km², 胡杨疏林总体更靠近河道, 柽柳灌丛分布范围更广; 河岸带植被LAI整体很低, 柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林平均LAI值分别为0.253和0.252, LAI小于0.5的植被对应面积分别占柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林总面积的92.4%和90.1%, 表明了塔里木河下游荒漠河岸植被空间上稀疏分布的特征; 统计结果显示, 河岸带植被结构存在巨大的空间变异性, 其中胡杨疏林比柽柳灌丛的空间变异性更大; 河岸带植被LAI随距河道距离呈现显著负指数分布规律, 在离河道1 km范围内LAI随离河道距离快速下降, 而1 km外区域叶面积指数普遍低于0.1, 表明植被主要分布在河道两侧1 km范围内。整体稀疏的空间分布、显著的空间变异性, 以及由LAI体现的植被盖度随距河道距离的负指数下降规律是荒漠河岸带植被空间结构的3个基本特征。

关键词: 极端干旱区, 河岸带植被, 叶面积指数, 空间分布, 监督分类, 塔里木河下游

Abstract:

AimsRevealing the spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in hyper-arid regions can improve our understanding on the water relations of riparian vegetation in the desert watershed ecosystem, and also can provide valuable scientific guidance for desertification control and water resources management of watershed of the arid region in northwestern China. This research objective is to show the spatial distribution and structures of typical riparian vegetation in hyper-arid desert watershed from regional and overall perspective.Methods Based on Landsat-8 OLI remote sensing images and a large number of field vegetation surveys, the supervised classification method was used to distinguish three main vegetation categories in the lower Tarim River basin: Tamarix thicket, Populus euphratica woodland, and Phragmites australis grassland. The leaf area index (LAI) of Tamarix thickets and Populus euphratica woodlands were inverted by using the remote-sensed LAI inversion empirical model that we developed.Important findings Supervised classification supporting abundant information of ground objects by remote sensing was an effective method to determine desert riparian vegetation categories in arid desert regions. The area was 336.4 km² for the Populus euphratica woodlands and 405.3 km² for the Tamarix thickets, respectively. The Tamarix thickets had a wider distribution range while the Populus euphratica woodlands grew near the river channel. The overall LAI of the riparian vegetation was low. The average LAI value was 0.253 for the Tamarix thickets and 0.252 for the Populus euphratica woodlands. The areas of vegetation with the LAI value of less than 0.5 accounted for 92.4% and 90.1% of the total area of the Tamarix thickets and the Populus euphratica woodlands, respectively. The statistic results showed that large spatial variability of the riparian vegetation LAI existed. The spatial variability of the Populus euphratica woodlands was larger than that of the Tamarix thickets. The LAI values of the riparian vegetation had a significant negative exponential relationship with the distances away from the river channel. The LAI values declined rapidly within the distance of 1 km from the river channel and they were generally lower than 0.1 when the distances beyond 1 km, which indicated that the riparian vegetation was mainly distributed within 1 km from both side of the river. This research indicated three basic characteristics of the spatial pattern in riparian vegetation from hyper-arid desert regions, including overall sparse spatial distribution, high spatial variability and negative exponential relationship between LAI and distance away from the river channel.

Key words: hyper-arid region, riparian vegetations, leaf area index, spatial pattern, supervised classification, lower Tarim River basin

朱绪超, 袁国富, 邵明安, 易小波, 杜涛. 塔里木河下游河岸带植被的空间结构特征. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(11): 1053-1061. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0102

ZHU Xu-Chao, YUAN Guo-Fu, SHAO Ming-An, YI Xiao-Bo, DU Tao. Spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in desert of the lower Tarim River basin. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(11): 1053-1061. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0102

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0102

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2015/V39/I11/1053

图/表 8

图1 塔里木河下游位置图。虚线框显示本研究采用的三景遥感影像的范围。

Fig. 1 Location of the lower Tarim River basin. The three dashed line boxes shows the scope of the selected three remote sensing images.

表1 分类类别错分漏分矩阵表

Table 1 Error matrix of wrongly and omissively classified pixels of classification types

类别 Classification	柽柳灌丛 Tamarix thickets	胡杨疏林 Populus euphratica woodlands	沙地 Sand lands	农田 Farmlands	水体 Water bodies	芦苇草地 Phragmites australis grasslands	总和 Total	制图精度(%) Mapping accuracy
柽柳灌丛 Tamarix thickets	9 982	3 121	1 375	102	48	160	14 788	67.5
胡杨疏林 Populus euphratica woodlands	6 403	23 758	413	30	91	523	31 218	76.1
沙地 Sand lands	1 424	228	38 380	0	21	1	40 054	95.8
农田 Farmlands	8	13	0	9 881	1	33	9 936	99.4
水体 Water bodies	0	0	0	0	58 371	14	58 385	99.9
芦苇草地 Phragmites australis grasslands	569	1 658	23	858	2 110	15 964	21 182	75.4
综合 Total	18 386	28 778	40 191	10 871	60 642	16 695	175 563	—
用户精度 User accuracy (%)	54.3	82.6	95.5	90.9	96.3	95.6	—	—
总精度 Total accuracy = 89.0%; Kappa系数 Kappa coefficient = 0.86

图2 研究区地物分类结果。

Fig. 2 Result of landscape classification in the study area.

表2 研究区遥感解译柽柳灌丛、胡杨疏林、芦苇草地和水体的面积

Table 2 Areas of Tamarix thickets, Populus euphratica woodlands, Phragmites australis grasslands and water bodies in the study area derived by remote sensing interpretation

类别 Classification	像元数 Number of pixels	面积 Area (km²)
柽柳灌丛 Tamarix thickets	450 293	405.3
胡杨疏林 Populus euphratica woodlands	373 813	336.4
芦苇草地 Phragmites australis grasslands	316 968	285.3
水体 Water bodies	159 345	143.4

图3 塔里木河下游河岸带胡杨疏林和柽柳灌丛叶面积指数空间分布图。

Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of leaf area indices of the Populus euphratica woodlands and the Tamarix thickets in the lower Tarim River basin.

图4 研究区柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林不同叶面积指数的空间面积占比。

Fig. 4 Areas of different leaf area indices of Tamarix thickets and Populus euphratica woodlands in the study area.

表3 研究区柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林叶面积指数统计特征值

Table 3 Statistical characteristics of leaf area indices of Tamarix thickets and Populus euphratica woodlands

	像元数 Number of pixels	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum	众数 Mode	平均值 Average	标准偏差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)
柽柳灌丛 Tamarix thickets	450 293	0.005	1.653	0.182	0.253	0.158	62.3
胡杨疏林 Populus euphratica woodlands	373 813	0.007	1.849	0.102	0.252	0.178	70.5

图5 叶面积指数随距河道距离的变化特征。

Fig. 5 Relationship between leaf area indices and distances away from the river channel.

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