云南墨江极小种群物种铁竹的种群结构与群落特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0055

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

铁竹(Ferrocalamus strictus)分布在云南南部局部区域, 其数量少, 分布范围狭窄, 为云南省极小种群物种。对铁竹野生种群结构及其所在群落特征进行研究可以为了解其濒危机制提供科学依据, 也可为其保护提供前期研究基础。该研究通过对墨江铁竹野生资源的调查, 从物种组成、种群密度、种群存活曲线和死亡因素等方面, 分析铁竹的种群结构及其所在群落特征。结果表明: (1)墨江铁竹种群所在群落的外貌、物种组成均具有山地雨林的特征; (2)墨江铁竹种群密度为2.04株·m ^-2; 铁竹种群的存活曲线介于Deevey-I型和Deevey-II型之间; 铁竹种群的净增殖率(R₀)为1.10, 表明铁竹种群处于增长阶段; (3)导致铁竹死亡的原因有人为砍伐、自然枯立、退笋及昆虫啃食, 其中人为砍伐所占比例最大; (4)铁竹为南亚热带森林竹种, 属中型竹类, 节间长度从基部3-4节起突然伸长, 最长超过1 m, 在竹类植物中居于前列, 这与其适应热带山地雨林环境密切相关。

关键词: 铁竹, 物种组成, 种群数量, 节间特征, 墨江

Abstract:

Aims As an endangered wild species with extremely small populations, Ferrocalamus strictusis narrowly distributed in South Yunnan with a small number of individuals. The survey of population structure and community characteristics of the wild population of F. strictus can facilitate understanding its endangered system and mechanisms and provide preliminary research basis for its protection.

Methods We investigated the community and population structure of F. strictus, including species composition, population density, population survivorship curve and death factors by plot surveying and sampling.

Important findings The community in which population of F. strictus is located in Mojiang has some characteristics of mountain rainforests in terms of appearance and species composition. The population density of F. strictus was 2.04 ind.·m ^-2. The survivorship curve of F. strictus was between Deevey-I and Deevey-II. The net proliferation rate (R₀) of F. strictus population was 1.10, which indicates an expanding population of F. strictus. The death of F. strictusis caused by human logging, natural death, shoot degradation and insects feeding. Among them, artificial cutting accounts for the largest proportion. Ferrocalamus strictus is a species of forest bamboos distributed in the South Asian subtropics, which is a medium-sized bamboo species. Its internode length change suddenly from the base 3-4 nodes. The longest ones exceed 1 m, which ranks at the top of all bamboo species and is closely related to its adaptation to the tropical mountain rainforest environment.

Key words: Ferrocalamus strictus, species composition, population size, internode characteristic, Mojiang

喻丁香, 杜凡, 石明, 杨聪, 代俊. 云南墨江极小种群物种铁竹的种群结构与群落特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(9): 938-945.

YU Ding-Xiang, DU Fan, SHI Ming, YANG Cong, DAI Jun. Community characteristics and population structure of Ferrocalamus strictus, a rare species in Mojiang, Yunnan, China[J]. Chin J Plan Ecolo, 2018, 42(9): 938-945.

图/表 8

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物种 Species	相对优势度 Relative dominance	相对多度 Relative abundance	相对频度 Relative frequency	重要值 Important value	物种 Species	相对优势度 Relative dominance	相对多度 Relative abundance	相对频度 Relative frequency	重要值 Important value
铁竹 Ferrocalamus strictus	48.41	98.27	2.78	49.82	尖子木 Oxyspora paniculata	0.30	0.01	1.85	0.72
绒毛肉实树 Sarcosperma kachinense	11.53	0.09	2.78	22.19	毛狗骨柴 Diplospora fruticosa	0.30	0.01	1.85	0.72
西南木荷 Schima wallichii	6.45	0.05	2.78	3.80	云南瓦理棕 Wallichia mooreana	0.46	0.02	0.93	0.47
胡椒 Piper nigrum	6.92	0.23	2.78	3.31	露兜树 Pandanus tectorius	0.46	0.01	0.93	0.47
黄花胡椒 Piper flaviflorum	4.38	0.15	2.78	2.44	云南斑籽木 Baliospermum calycinum	0.46	0.01	0.93	0.47
岭罗麦 Tarennoidea wallichii	0.92	0.02	2.78	2.33	山姜 Alpinia japonica	0.46	0.01	0.93	0.47
尼泊尔水东哥 Saurauia napaulensis	1.84	0.01	0.93	2.23	云南叶轮木 Ostodes katharinae	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
桂木 Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis	1.15	0.02	2.78	2.16	三对节 Clerodendrum serratum	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
纸叶琼楠 Beilschmiedia pergamentacea	0.69	0.02	2.78	2.00	亮叶龙船花 Ixora fulgens	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
钝叶桂 Cinnamomum bejolghota	0.69	0.02	2.78	1.72	玉兰叶木姜子 Litsea magnoliifolia	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
罗伞 Brassaiopsis glomerulata	0.69	0.02	2.78	1.59	楤木 Aralia chinensis	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
云桂暗罗 Polyalthia petelotii	0.69	0.02	2.78	1.48	大果榕 Ficus auriculata	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
地不容 Stephania epigaea	0.92	0.05	2.78	1.25	散生女贞 Ligustrum confusum	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
潺槁木姜子 Litsea glutinosa	0.69	0.02	2.78	1.24	西南山茶 Camellia pitardii	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
四角蒲桃 Syzygium tetragonum	0.69	0.01	1.85	1.24	滇南赤车 Pellionia paucidentata	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
石韦 Pyrrosia lingua	0.69	0.07	2.78	1.18	大叶仙茅 Curculigo capitulata	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
石柑子 Pothos chinensis	0.69	0.06	2.78	1.18	金毛狗蕨 Cibotium barometz	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
蛇根草 Ophiorrhiza mungos	0.69	0.05	2.78	1.17	鸭跖草 Commelina communis	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
紫金牛 Ardisia japonica	0.69	0.03	2.78	1.17	花蘑芋 Amorphophallus konjac	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
三叶崖爬藤 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum	0.53	0.04	2.78	1.12	爬树龙 Rhaphidophora decursiva	0.18	0.02	0.93	0.38
铁角蕨 Asplenium trichomanes	0.41	0.15	2.78	1.11	巴豆藤 Craspedolobium schochii	0.12	0.01	0.93	0.35
匍匐堇菜 Viola pilosa	0.53	0.03	2.78	1.11	密花豆 Spatholobus suberectus	0.05	0.01	0.93	0.33
莎草一种 Cyperus sp.	0.30	0.04	2.78	1.04	桂叶素馨 Jasminum laurifolium	0.02	0.03	0.93	0.33
肉实树 Sarcosperma laurinum	0.69	0.01	0.93	1.04	带叶卷瓣兰 Bulbophyllum taeniophyllum	0.02	0.03	0.93	0.33
瓦韦 Lepisorus thunbergianus	0.46	0.11	1.85	0.81	水晶兰 Monotropa uniflora	0.02	0.01	0.93	0.32
乌毛蕨 Blechnum orientale	0.46	0.03	1.85	0.78	毛柱马钱 Strychnos nitida	0.02	0.01	0.93	0.32
小绿刺 Capparis urophylla	0.46	0.01	1.85	0.78	买麻藤 Gnetum montanum	0.02	0.01	0.93	0.32
九节 Psychotria asiatica	0.46	0.01	1.85	0.78	薯蓣 Dioscorea polystachya	0.02	0.01	0.93	0.32
三桠苦 Evodia lepta	0.30	0.06	1.85	0.74	独子藤 Celastrus monospermus	0.02	0.01	0.93	0.32

物种 Species	相对优势度 Relative dominance	相对多度 Relative abundance	相对频度 Relative frequency	重要值 Important value	物种 Species	相对优势度 Relative dominance	相对多度 Relative abundance	相对频度 Relative frequency	重要值 Important value
铁竹 Ferrocalamus strictus	48.41	98.27	2.78	49.82	尖子木 Oxyspora paniculata	0.30	0.01	1.85	0.72
绒毛肉实树 Sarcosperma kachinense	11.53	0.09	2.78	22.19	毛狗骨柴 Diplospora fruticosa	0.30	0.01	1.85	0.72
西南木荷 Schima wallichii	6.45	0.05	2.78	3.80	云南瓦理棕 Wallichia mooreana	0.46	0.02	0.93	0.47
胡椒 Piper nigrum	6.92	0.23	2.78	3.31	露兜树 Pandanus tectorius	0.46	0.01	0.93	0.47
黄花胡椒 Piper flaviflorum	4.38	0.15	2.78	2.44	云南斑籽木 Baliospermum calycinum	0.46	0.01	0.93	0.47
岭罗麦 Tarennoidea wallichii	0.92	0.02	2.78	2.33	山姜 Alpinia japonica	0.46	0.01	0.93	0.47
尼泊尔水东哥 Saurauia napaulensis	1.84	0.01	0.93	2.23	云南叶轮木 Ostodes katharinae	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
桂木 Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis	1.15	0.02	2.78	2.16	三对节 Clerodendrum serratum	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
纸叶琼楠 Beilschmiedia pergamentacea	0.69	0.02	2.78	2.00	亮叶龙船花 Ixora fulgens	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
钝叶桂 Cinnamomum bejolghota	0.69	0.02	2.78	1.72	玉兰叶木姜子 Litsea magnoliifolia	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
罗伞 Brassaiopsis glomerulata	0.69	0.02	2.78	1.59	楤木 Aralia chinensis	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
云桂暗罗 Polyalthia petelotii	0.69	0.02	2.78	1.48	大果榕 Ficus auriculata	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
地不容 Stephania epigaea	0.92	0.05	2.78	1.25	散生女贞 Ligustrum confusum	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
潺槁木姜子 Litsea glutinosa	0.69	0.02	2.78	1.24	西南山茶 Camellia pitardii	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
四角蒲桃 Syzygium tetragonum	0.69	0.01	1.85	1.24	滇南赤车 Pellionia paucidentata	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
石韦 Pyrrosia lingua	0.69	0.07	2.78	1.18	大叶仙茅 Curculigo capitulata	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
石柑子 Pothos chinensis	0.69	0.06	2.78	1.18	金毛狗蕨 Cibotium barometz	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
蛇根草 Ophiorrhiza mungos	0.69	0.05	2.78	1.17	鸭跖草 Commelina communis	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
紫金牛 Ardisia japonica	0.69	0.03	2.78	1.17	花蘑芋 Amorphophallus konjac	0.23	0.01	0.93	0.39
三叶崖爬藤 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum	0.53	0.04	2.78	1.12	爬树龙 Rhaphidophora decursiva	0.18	0.02	0.93	0.38
铁角蕨 Asplenium trichomanes	0.41	0.15	2.78	1.11	巴豆藤 Craspedolobium schochii	0.12	0.01	0.93	0.35
匍匐堇菜 Viola pilosa	0.53	0.03	2.78	1.11	密花豆 Spatholobus suberectus	0.05	0.01	0.93	0.33
莎草一种 Cyperus sp.	0.30	0.04	2.78	1.04	桂叶素馨 Jasminum laurifolium	0.02	0.03	0.93	0.33
肉实树 Sarcosperma laurinum	0.69	0.01	0.93	1.04	带叶卷瓣兰 Bulbophyllum taeniophyllum	0.02	0.03	0.93	0.33
瓦韦 Lepisorus thunbergianus	0.46	0.11	1.85	0.81	水晶兰 Monotropa uniflora	0.02	0.01	0.93	0.32
乌毛蕨 Blechnum orientale	0.46	0.03	1.85	0.78	毛柱马钱 Strychnos nitida	0.02	0.01	0.93	0.32
小绿刺 Capparis urophylla	0.46	0.01	1.85	0.78	买麻藤 Gnetum montanum	0.02	0.01	0.93	0.32
九节 Psychotria asiatica	0.46	0.01	1.85	0.78	薯蓣 Dioscorea polystachya	0.02	0.01	0.93	0.32
三桠苦 Evodia lepta	0.30	0.06	1.85	0.74	独子藤 Celastrus monospermus	0.02	0.01	0.93	0.32

样地 Plot	总数 Total (ind.)	面积 Area (m²)	种群密度 Population density (ind.·m^-2)
1	14 400	6 580	2.20
2	350	430	0.81
3	120	260	0.46
Total	14 870	7 270	2.04

样地 Plot	总数 Total (ind.)	面积 Area (m²)	种群密度 Population density (ind.·m^-2)
1	14 400	6 580	2.20
2	350	430	0.81
3	120	260	0.46
Total	14 870	7 270	2.04

x	a_x	n_x	d_x	q_x	L_x	T_x	e_x
1	84	1 000	143	14.30	928.50	3 040.50	3.04
2	72	857	36	4.20	839.00	2 112.00	2.46
3	69	821	214	26.07	714.00	1 273.00	1.55
4	51	607	96	15.82	559.00	559.00	0.92
5	43	511