中国归化植物组成特征及其时空分布格局分析

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0053

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

入侵植物是归化植物的子集, 归化是植物入侵的基本前提, 完整的归化植物清单有助于预测和预防植物入侵。该文基于实地调查和资料收集, 对中国归化植物种类及分布进行统计, 结果表明, 当前中国共有归化植物112科578属1 099种, 约70%为人为引入, 而美洲是其最大原产地, 植物生活型以草本为主, 分类学组成中菊科、禾本科、豆科最多。在空间尺度上, 物种多样性及密度均呈自东南沿海向西北内陆递减的趋势, 纬度和国内生产总值是其空间分布格局的主要驱动因素, 被殖民史、植物园分布及调查次数在一定程度上影响空间分布格局; 在时间尺度上, 归化植物物种多样性当前正处在快速增长阶段并可能持续20-30年, 社会经济发展、人为干扰、土地利用方式改变及全球变化是其主要驱动因素。该研究丰富了中国归化植物的本底资料, 有助于了解外来植物入侵的形式与威胁, 并为外来植物综合管控或本地生物多样性保护提供依据。

关键词: 生物入侵, 外来植物, 物种组成, 分布特征, 驱动因素

Abstract:

Aims Invasive plants are a subset of naturalized plants, and naturalization is a fundamental precondition for plant invasion and so compiling a complete inventory of naturalized alien species is necessary for predicting and hence preventing such invasion.
Methods Based on field investigations and various literature reports, we compiled a nationwide list of the naturalized plant species of China.
Important findings The results showed that there are 1 099 naturalized plants belonging to 112 families and 578 genera in China, 70% of them were introduced intentionally and were of American origin, followed by those with European origins, herbs were prevalent among naturalized species. Compositae, Gramineae and Leguminosae were the three most dominant families. Spatially, species diversity and density decreased from the southeast coast to inland northwest. Latitude and gross domestic product is the primary driver of this pattern, however, colonial history, distribution of botanical gardens and the number of surveys may also affect formation. In temporal terms, species diversity is currently in a period of rapid growth and will continue for 20 to 30 years. Social and economic development, human disturbance, land use and global change are the main drivers. This study enriches the background information about naturalized plants and improves our knowledge on threats associated with plant invasions in China. The gained information can be used to provide arguments for efforts on control and management of alien plants or conservation of native biodiversity in the country.

Key words: biological invasion, alien plants, species composition, distribution characteristics, driving factors

许光耀, 李洪远, 莫训强, 孟伟庆. 中国归化植物组成特征及其时空分布格局分析[J]. 植物生态学报, 2019, 43(7): 601-610.

XU Guang-Yao, LI Hong-Yuan, MO Xun-Qiang, MENG Wei-Qing. Composition and spatial-temporal distribution of Chinese naturalized plants[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2019, 43(7): 601-610.

图/表 9

图1 中国归化植物主要科帕累托图。

Fig. 1 Pareto diagram of the main families of naturalized plants in China.

表1 中国归化植物主要属及其种数

Table 1 Main genera of naturalized plants and their species number in China

属 Genera	种数 Number of species	属 Genera	种数 Number of species	属 Genera	种数 Number of species
茄属 Solanum	23	雀稗属 Paspalum	9	金纽扣属 Acmella	6
大戟属 Euphorbia	22	飞蓬属 Erigeron	9	含羞草属 Mimosa	6
苋属 Amaranthus	19	莎草属 Cyperus	8	独行菜属 Lepidium	6
番薯属 Ipomoea	19	酢浆草属 Oxalis	7	仙人掌属 Opuntia	5
决明属 Senna	14	西番莲属 Passiflora	7	婆婆纳属 Veronica	5
月见草属 Oenothera	12	黑麦草属 Lolium	7	龙舌兰属 Agave	5
猪屎豆属 Crotalaria	11	松属 Pinus	6	藜属 Chenopodium	5
车轴草属 Trifolium	11	雀麦属 Bromus	6	蒺藜草属 Cenchrus	5
相思树属 Acacia	10	莲子草属 Alternanthera	6	山香属 Hyptis	5
桉属 Eucalyptus	10	狼尾草属 Pennisetum	6	白花菜属 Cleome	5

图2 中国归化植物原产地分布图。

Fig. 2 Origin distribution of naturalized plants in China. AF, Africa; C, cultivate; EU, Europe; H, hybridization; MZ, Mediterranean Zone; NA, North America; OA, Oceania; PI, Pacific Islands; PT, palaeo tropics; SA, South America; TemA, Temperate Asia; TroA, Tropical Asia; U, unspecified.

图3 中国归化植物生活型统计图。Ar, 乔木; HL, 草质藤本; S, 灌木; WL, 木质藤本; A, 一年生植物; B, 二年生植物; P, 多年生植物; A/P, 一年/多年生植物; A/B, 一年/二年生植物。

Fig. 3 Life type statistics of naturalized plants in China. Ar, arbor; HL, herbaceous liane; S, shrub; WL, wood liane; A, annual plants; B, biennial plants; P, perennial plants; A/P, annual or perennial plants; A/B, annual or biennial plants.

图4 中国归化植物引入途径图。Af, 造林; Be, 饮料; Co, 胶料; CR, 棉麻; Dy, 染料; FAV, 果蔬; FI, 吸食; FS, 花灌木; GC, 地被; GM, 绿肥; GP, 基因库; Gr, 粮食; He, 绿篱; Oi, 油料; Or, 观赏; Pe, 香料 SC, 糖料; ST, 行道树; SWG, 水土保持; Wo, 木料;。

Fig. 4 Introduction of naturalized plants in China. Af, afforestation; Be, beverage; Co, compound; CR, cotton ramie; Dy, dye; FAV, fruits and vegetables; FI, Food intake; FS, flowering shrubs; GC, ground cover; GM, green manure; GP, gene pool; Gr, grain; He, hedge; O, oil; Or, ornamental; Pe, perfume; SC, sugar crop; ST, street trees; SWG, soil and water conservation; Wo, wood.

图5 中国归化植物种类随时间累积图。

Fig. 5 Accumulation of Chinese naturalized plants species over time.

表2 中国各省归化植物种类及密度

Table 2 Naturalized plant species and density in provinces of China

区域 Region	省份 Province	种类 NO.	排名 Rank	密度 Density (Species number· 10 000 km^-2)	排名 Rank	区域 Region	省份 Province	种类 NO.	排名 Rank	密度 Density (Species number· 10 000 km^-2)	排名 Rank
东北 Northeast China	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	189	28	4.2	30	华东 East China	山东 Shandong	302	17	19.6	16
	吉林 Jilin	180	30	9.6	27		江苏 Jiangsu	388	8	37.8	10
	辽宁 Liaoning	276	22	18.9	18		安徽 Anhui	298	19	21.3	15
华北 North China	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	162	31	1.4	34		上海 Shanghai	319	15	506.1	3
	河北 Hebei	246	24	13.1	26		浙江 Zhejiang	440	6	43.1	8
	北京 Beijing	336	12	204.8	4		江西 Jiangxi	385	9	23.1	13
	天津 Tianjin	144	33	127.0	6		福建 Fujian	493	5	40.6	9
	山西 Shanxi	223	25	14.3	24	西南 Southwest China	四川 Sichuan	355	10	7.4	28
华中 Central China	河南 Henan	291	20	17.4	19		重庆 Chongqing	286	21	34.8	11
	湖北 Hubei	306	16	16.5	20		贵州 Guizhou	333	13	18.9	17
	湖南 Hunan	326	14	15.4	22		云南 Yunnan	518	4	13.5	25
华南 South China	广东 Guangdong	572	2	31.8	12		西藏 Xizang	202	26	1.6	33
	广西 Guangxi	526	3	22.3	14	西北 Northwest China	陕西 Shaanxi	301	18	14.6	23
	海南 Hainan	428	7	124.9	7		甘肃 Gansu	198	27	4.4	29
	香港 Hong Kong	352	11	3 200.3	2		青海 Qinghai	157	32	2.2	32
	澳门 Macao	180	29	72 000.1	1		宁夏 Ningxia	106	34	16.0	21
	台湾 Taiwan	628	1	174.4	5		新疆 Xinjiang	268	23	2.3	31

图6 中国归化植物主要属(上)、科(下)累积分布图。图中虚线表示所有属、科的种平均分布。

Fig. 6 Cumulation of main genera (above) and families (below) of naturalized plants in China. The dashed line indicates average distribution of each specie for all genus or family.

图7 归化植物多样性与自然、环境因子回归树。①②③为各回归结点; LAT, 纬度; GDP, 国内生产总值。

Fig. 7 Regression tree of naturalized species richness and key social and environmental factors. ①②③, regression node; LAT, latitude; GDP, gross domestic product.

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