红外热成像监测云南松切梢小蠹虫害: 针叶尺度 观测

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0180

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为寻求基于红外热成像技术监测云南松切梢小蠹(Tomicus yunnanensis)危害的可行性, 该研究以不同受害程度的云南松(Pinus yunnanesis)针叶为研究对象, 利用红外热成像仪观测受云南松切梢小蠹危害的云南松针叶温度的日变化规律, 并通过不同受害程度针叶的叶绿素含量、叶片含水量以及净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)等生理生化因子来分析解释针叶温度的变化。结果表明: (1)云南松针叶内叶绿素和水分含量随受害时间增加逐渐降低, 叶绿素含量下降速率比含水量下降速率快; (2)叶片的P_n、G_s及T_r随受害程度增加而降低, 针叶温度与大气温度的温差(ΔT_l-a)则随受害程度增加而变大; (3)不同程度受害针叶温度与健康针叶的温差(ΔT)在14:00-15:00之间达到最大, 轻度、中度和重度受害针叶ΔT分别可达0.6、0.7、2.5 ℃; (4)不同程度受害针叶的G_s、叶片含水量与ΔT呈较强的负相关关系。针叶受害后叶片内部水分失衡引起叶温变化, 利用红外热辐射对于温度变化的敏感性, 可通过红外热成像技术精确探测针叶温度的变化, 从而检测到云南松遭受云南松切梢小蠹危害的程度。

关键词: 红外热成像, 针叶温度, 气孔导度, 叶片含水量, 虫害监测

Abstract:

Aims To explore the feasibility of thermal infrared technology for monitoring the shoot beetle damage to Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis), the relationship between temperature and biochemical and/or physiological factors of healthy and damaged shoots of Yunnan pine was analyzed.Methods The temperatures were extracted with the software FLIR-TOOLS from the thermal images of damaged shoots. The temperature differences between damaged shoots and healthy shoots (ΔT) in the same thermal image were analyzed. The relationships between ΔT and physiological and biochemical parameters were used to clarify the mechanism that caused needle temperature increase with infested duration.Important findings Results indicated: (1) The chlorophyll and water content of damaged shoots decreased with the infested duration, and the chlorophyll content decreased faster than water content; (2) The net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomata conductance (G_s) and transpiration rate (T_r) also decreased with infested duration, and the temperature difference between needle and atmosphere (ΔT_l-a) increased with infested duration; (3) ΔT reached the maximum at 14:00 to 15:00; the temperature differences of lightly-infested, mid-infested and heavily-infested needles reached 0.6, 0.7 and 2.5 °C, respectively; (4) A strong negative correlation was found between ΔT and G_s, water content. Our study concluded that the water imbalance of damaged needles caused needle temperature changes. Therefore, thermal infrared technology could be applied to monitor shoot beetle damage of Yunnan pine at different stages.

Key words: thermal infrared, needle temperature, stomata conductance, leaf water content, pest monitoring

王景旭, 黄华国, 林起楠, 王冰, 黄侃. 红外热成像监测云南松切梢小蠹虫害: 针叶尺度观测. 植物生态学报, 2019, 43(11): 959-968. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0180

WANG Jing-Xu, HUANG Hua-Guo, LIN Qi-Nan, WANG Bing, HUANG Kan. Shoot beetle damage to Pinus yunnanensis monitored by infrared thermal imaging at needle scale. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2019, 43(11): 959-968. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0180

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2019.0180

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2019/V43/I11/959

图/表 11

图1 云南松样地位置。

Fig. 1 Location of the plots of Pinus yunnanensis in Southwestern China.

表1 各样地林分结构参数统计(n = 34)

Table 1 Statistics for the forest structural parameters of plots (n = 34)

参数 Parameter	平均值 Mean		标准偏差 SD		最大值 Max		最小值 Min		变化范围 Range
参数 Parameter	HP	DP	HP	DP	HP	DP	HP	DP	HP	DP
冠幅 Crown diameter (m)	2.5	2.3	0.27	0.22	5.5	5.3	0.5	0.5	5.0	4.8
树高 Stand average height (m)	4.68	5.07	1.5	1.0	11	12	1	1	10	11
林冠郁闭度 Canopy closure (%)	28	32	8.9	6.8	42	44	15	20	27	24
立木度 Stem density (hm^-2)	990	1 342	404	556	2 022	2 644	500	556	1 522	2 088
叶面积指数 Leaf area index (m²·m^-2)	0.78	0.83	0.37	0.29	1.86	1.61	0.43	0.37	1.43	1.24

图2 利用FLIR Tools提取云南松针叶温度。A, 重度受害针叶梢和健康梢的可见光图像。B, 重度受害针叶梢和健康梢的热红外图像。C, 轻度受害针叶梢和健康梢的可见光图像。D, 轻度受害针叶梢和健康梢的热红外图像。

Fig. 2 Utilizing FLIR Tools to extract the temperature of the needles of Pinus yunnanensis. A, Visible image to show heavily- infested and healthy shoots. B, Thermal infrared image to show heavily-infested and healthy shoots. C, Visible image to show lightly-infested and healthy shoots. D, Thermal infrared image to show lightly-infested and healthy shoots.

表2 试验测量参数、仪器、测量间隔及用途

Table 2 Parameters, instruments, measurement intervals of the observation and their purposes

测量参数 Measured parameter	缩写 Abbreviation	测量方法 Measured method	测量间隔时间 Measured interval times	用途 Purpose
光谱反射率 Spectral reflectance	Ref	光谱仪联合互补观测AvaSpec-EDU-VIS和AvaSpec-NIR1.7	7 d	评估光谱对受害程度的响应 Assess the spectral response to the damaged degrees
叶绿素含量 Chlorophyll content of leaf	CCL	CCM-300	7 d	解释光谱变化并划分不同受害阶段 Interpret spectral changes and divide into the damaged stages
叶片含水量 Water content of leaf	WCL	烘干 Oven drying	7 d	分析不同受害阶段叶片含水量与叶片温度的关系 Analyze the relationship between leaf water content and leaf temperature at different damaged stages
叶片温度 Leaf temperature	T_leaf	FLIR T420	1 h	分析不同受害阶段叶片温度日变化 Analyze diurnal changes of leaf temperature at different damaged stages
气孔导度 Stomata conductance	G_s	LI-6400	2 h	解释不同受害阶段叶片温度的变化 Explain leaf temperature changes at different damaged stages
净光合速率 Net photosynthetic rate	P_n
蒸腾速率 Transpiration rate	T_r
叶片与大气温差 Temperature difference between leaf and atmosphere	ΔT_l-a

图3 云南松受害针叶随受害时间增长叶绿素含量(CCL)及水分含量(WCL)变化(平均值±标准偏差)。

Fig. 3 Chlorophyll content (CCL) and water content (WCL) (mean ± SD) of damaged needles of Pinus yunnanensis changed with duration.

图4 不同受害程度云南松针叶梢光谱曲线变化。

Fig. 4 Spectral curves of needles of Pinus yunnanensis changed with damaged duration.

图5 云南松不同受害阶段针叶的可见光图像。上排为侧视图, 下排为对应的俯视图。

Fig. 5 Visible images to show damaged shoots at different stages of Pinus yunnanensis. The top images are side view; the bottom images are top view.

图6 云南松针叶的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化水指数(NDWI)分别与叶片叶绿素含量(CCL)和叶片含水量(WCL)的相关关系。误差棒代表标准偏差。

Fig. 6 Correlation of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with leaf chlorophyll content (CCL) and the correlation of normalized difference water index (NDWI) and leaf water content (WCL) of Pinus yunnanensis. Error bar indicates standard deviation.

图7 不同受害阶段云南松针叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)以及叶片与大气温差(ΔTl-a)的日变化规律。

Fig. 7 Daily changes of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomata conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr) and temperature differences between leaf and atmosphere (ΔTl-a) of damaged needles of Pinus yunnanensis at different stages.

图8 不同受害阶段云南松针叶的温差(ΔT)日变化曲线。

Fig. 8 The diurnal changes of temperature differences between damaged shoots and healthy shoots (ΔT) of damaged needles of Pinus yunnanensis at different stages.

图9 不同受害阶段云南松针叶温差(ΔT)与气孔导度及叶片含水量的相关性分析。误差棒代表标准偏差。

Fig. 9 Correlation analysis between temperature difference (ΔT) and stomata conductance, and water content of damaged needles at different stages in Pinus yunnanensis. Error bar indicates standard deviation.

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