碳同位素示踪技术及其在陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的应用与展望

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0208

植物生态学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (4): 360-372.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0208

所属专题：稳定同位素生态学；生态学研究的方法和技术；生物地球化学；微生物生态学；碳循环

碳同位素示踪技术及其在陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的应用与展望

葛体达^1,^*(),王东东^1,²,祝贞科¹,魏亮^1,²,魏晓梦^1,²,吴金水^1,²

¹中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室, 长沙 410125
²中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

收稿日期:2019-08-06 接受日期:2019-10-14 出版日期:2020-04-20 发布日期:2020-01-03
通讯作者: 葛体达
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41430860);国家自然科学基金(41761134095);国家自然科学基金(41811540031);湖南省自然科学基金优秀青年项目(2019JJ30028);湖南省自然科学基金创新研究群体项目(2019JJ10003);湖南省国际科技创新合作基地项目(2018WK4012)

Tracing technology of carbon isotope and its applications to studies of carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystem

GE Ti-Da^1,^*(),WANG Dong-Dong^1,²,ZHU Zhen-Ke¹,WEI Liang^1,²,WEI Xiao-Meng^1,²,WU Jin-Shui^1,²

¹CAS Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agriculture Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2019-08-06 Accepted:2019-10-14 Online:2020-04-20 Published:2020-01-03
Contact: GE Ti-Da
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41430860);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41761134095);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41811540031);Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2019JJ30028);Foundation Science Natural of the Groups Research Innovative of Hunan Province(2019JJ10003);Hunan Province Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation(2018WK4012)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

碳同位素示踪技术具有高度的专一性和灵敏度, 经过几十年的发展, 形成了一系列成熟的标记方法, 在陆地生态系统碳循环过程的研究中已得到广泛应用。目前, 自然丰度法、与¹³C贫化示踪技术结合的自由空气中气体浓度增加(FACE)实验、脉冲与连续标记法以及碳同位素高丰度底物富集标记法是研究陆地生态系统碳循环过程常用的碳同位素示踪方法; 通过将长期定位实验和室内模拟实验结合, 量化光合碳在植物-土壤系统的传输与分配特征, 明确植物光合碳对土壤有机质的来源、稳定化过程的影响及其微生物驱动机制; 阐明土壤碳动态变化(迁移与转化)和新碳与老碳对土壤碳库储量的相对贡献, 评估有机碳输入、转化与稳定的生物与非生物微观界面过程机制。然而, 生态系统碳循环受气候、植被、人为活动等多因素影响, 碳同位素技术需要结合质谱、光谱技术实现原位示踪, 结合分子生物学技术阐明其微生物驱动机制, 从而构建灵敏、准确、多尺度、多方位的同位素示踪技术体系。因此, 该文以稳定碳同位素为主, 综述了碳同位素示踪技术的原理、分析方法和在陆地生态系统碳循环过程中的应用进展, 归纳总结了碳同位素示踪技术结合原位检测技术和分子生物学技术的研究进展和应用前景, 并对碳同位素示踪技术存在的问题进行了分析和展望。

关键词: 陆地生态系统, 土壤有机质, 碳循环, 碳同位素示踪技术, 稳定碳同位素探针技术

Abstract:

Recently developed in recent decades, the carbon isotope tracing technology is one of the most reliable methods, which has been widely used in the study of carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems due to its high specificity and sensitivity. Here, the principle, analysis method and application process of C isotope tracing technology in C cycling in terrestrial ecosystem have been reviewed. Four different methods are currently being used in laboratory or field conditions, including natural abundance method, Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) technology coupling with ¹³C dilution method, pulse and continuous labeling with ¹³C enriched CO₂, and labeling with ¹³C enriched substrates. Results of field experiments and lab incubation experiments employing carbon isotope tracing technology were combined in order to quantify the transformation and distribution of photosynthetic C in plant-soil system. Furthermore, these techniques also help to understand the contribution of plant photosynthetic C to soil organic matter, the stabilization of soil organic matter and its microbial mechanism, to illustrate the dynamic changes of soil organic carbon (SOC), evaluate the contribution of new and old organic C to soil C storage, and estimate the micromechanism of SOC input, conversion and the stabilization in terrestrial ecosystems. Carbon cycle is affected by climate, vegetation, human activities and other factors, and therefore it is imperative to further develop a sensitive, accurate, multiscale and multidirectional isotope tracing system by combining carbon isotopes with mass spectrometry, spectroscopy and molecular biological technology. We have summarized the coupled application of carbon isotope tracing technology and the insitu detection involving molecular and biological approaches, and discussed the existing issues of carbon isotope tracing technology.

Key words: terrestrial ecosystem, soil organic matter, carbon cycle, carbon isotope tracing technology, stable carbon isotope probe technology

葛体达, 王东东, 祝贞科, 魏亮, 魏晓梦, 吴金水. 碳同位素示踪技术及其在陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的应用与展望. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(4): 360-372. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0208

GE Ti-Da, WANG Dong-Dong, ZHU Zhen-Ke, WEI Liang, WEI Xiao-Meng, WU Jin-Shui. Tracing technology of carbon isotope and its applications to studies of carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020, 44(4): 360-372. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0208

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2020/V44/I4/360

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	脉冲标记 Pulse labeling	连续标记 Continuous labeling
1. 标记持续时间 Labeling duration	短(小时或天) Very short (hours or days)	植物生长的全部时期 Entire duration of plant growth
2. CO₂输入的同位素组成变化 Changes in the isotopic composition of the CO₂ input	时间短而丰度高 Short time and high abundance	时间长(不一定需要高丰度); 长期持续富集 Long time (not necessarily high abundance), constant enrichment over a long period
3. 应用 Application	简单 Simple	复杂 Complicated
4. 成本 Cost	便宜 Cheap	昂贵 Expensive
5. 目的 Aim	不同生长阶段植物-土壤系统的C流动力学 Dynamics of C flow in the plant, soil, and CO₂ at various growth stages	可以达到脉冲标记的所有目的 All the aims of pulse labeling can be achieved
	地下C分配 Belowground C allocation	植物C在CO₂, 微生物生物量碳(MBC), 可溶性有机质(DOM)和土壤有机质(SOM)等中的分配 Partitioning of plant derived C in CO₂, microbial biomass C (MBC), dissolved organic matter (DOM), soil organic matter (SOM), etc.
	净C同化 Net C assimilation	植物C分配的季节动态 Seasonal dynamics of plant C partitioning
	植物根系和土壤呼吸 Root-soil respiration	根际激发效应 Rhizosphere-priming effects
	新同化C的命运(分配和运输) Fate of newly assimilated C
	C转移速度 Speed of C transfer
6. C输入到土壤中 C input into the soil	在特定的植物生长阶段 At specific plant development stages	在植物生长的整个时期 Over the whole growth period
7. 缺点 Disadvantage	特定生长阶段不能代表整个生长时期, 同位素丰度在植物整株中分布不均匀 A specific growth stage cannot be transferred for the whole growth period, isotope abundance is unequal across plant parts	需要特殊设备长期标记植物 Requires special equipment for exposing the plant over a long period
7. 缺点 Disadvantage	同位素丰度随时间变化 Isotope abundance in pools change over time	为保证空气湿度, 需要良好的温度控制和空气循环系统 Temperature control and good air circulation are necessary to maintain air humidity

	脉冲标记 Pulse labeling	连续标记 Continuous labeling
1. 标记持续时间 Labeling duration	短(小时或天) Very short (hours or days)	植物生长的全部时期 Entire duration of plant growth
2. CO₂输入的同位素组成变化 Changes in the isotopic composition of the CO₂ input	时间短而丰度高 Short time and high abundance	时间长(不一定需要高丰度); 长期持续富集 Long time (not necessarily high abundance), constant enrichment over a long period
3. 应用 Application	简单 Simple	复杂 Complicated
4. 成本 Cost	便宜 Cheap	昂贵 Expensive
5. 目的 Aim	不同生长阶段植物-土壤系统的C流动力学 Dynamics of C flow in the plant, soil, and CO₂ at various growth stages	可以达到脉冲标记的所有目的 All the aims of pulse labeling can be achieved
	地下C分配 Belowground C allocation	植物C在CO₂, 微生物生物量碳(MBC), 可溶性有机质(DOM)和土壤有机质(SOM)等中的分配 Partitioning of plant derived C in CO₂, microbial biomass C (MBC), dissolved organic matter (DOM), soil organic matter (SOM), etc.
	净C同化 Net C assimilation	植物C分配的季节动态 Seasonal dynamics of plant C partitioning
	植物根系和土壤呼吸 Root-soil respiration	根际激发效应 Rhizosphere-priming effects
	新同化C的命运(分配和运输) Fate of newly assimilated C
	C转移速度 Speed of C transfer
6. C输入到土壤中 C input into the soil	在特定的植物生长阶段 At specific plant development stages	在植物生长的整个时期 Over the whole growth period
7. 缺点 Disadvantage	特定生长阶段不能代表整个生长时期, 同位素丰度在植物整株中分布不均匀 A specific growth stage cannot be transferred for the whole growth period, isotope abundance is unequal across plant parts	需要特殊设备长期标记植物 Requires special equipment for exposing the plant over a long period
7. 缺点 Disadvantage	同位素丰度随时间变化 Isotope abundance in pools change over time	为保证空气湿度, 需要良好的温度控制和空气循环系统 Temperature control and good air circulation are necessary to maintain air humidity

碳同位素示踪技术及其在陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的应用与展望

Tracing technology of carbon isotope and its applications to studies of carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystem

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