新疆野杏天然更新幼株的个体特征及空间分布格局

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0089

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究新疆野杏(Prunus armeniaca)种群天然更新幼株个体的生长现状与空间分布格局, 该研究选择野杏集中分布的霍城县大西沟、新源县杏花沟和巩留县小莫乎儿沟为研究地, 分别在3处研究地设置林下、林窗以及空地样地, 观测幼株的分布密度、基径、高度以及冠幅，并采用5 m × 5 m相邻格子样方法(7个聚集度指数)判定分布类型, 点分布格局法计算聚集强度。新疆野杏天然更新幼株特征如下: (1)分布密度由大到小依次为杏花沟、大西沟、小莫乎儿沟, 林窗显著大于空地和林下, 种群天然更新强度为325株·hm^-2。(2)基径为小莫乎儿沟、大西沟显著大于杏花沟, 空地显著大于林下和林窗, 种群天然更新基径约1.7 cm。(3)高度为大西沟、小莫乎儿沟显著高于杏花沟, 空地显著高于林下和林窗, 种群自然更新高度为77.0 cm。(4)冠幅为大西沟显著大于小莫乎儿沟和杏花沟, 空地显著大于林窗和林下, 种群天然更新冠幅为38.7 cm。(5)有幼株的样地共22块, 在5 m × 5 m样方中, 呈聚集、均匀与随机分布样地的比例分别为63.6%、27.3%和9.1%。(6)点分布格局中更新幼株在林下、空地多呈聚集分布, 尺度为5-8 m时聚集强度最大; 在林窗主要呈随机分布, 尺度为1 m时聚集强度最大; 其在不同生境的空间格局均为聚集分布到随机分布。研究结果表明, 分布区域与生境类型均会显著影响野杏更新幼株的个体特征, 表现为大西沟、小莫乎儿沟混交的林分类型更有利于幼株生长。林下严重抑制了更新幼株的分布数量, 林窗利于种子的萌发定植, 但幼株生长受阻, 空地窗口条件利于更新幼株的生长发育。整体上种群更新障碍显著, 现有更新幼株的空间分布格局是其对生境变化、生存胁迫以及放牧干扰等因素作出的自然选择, 是种群寻找可以延续发展的策略。在此背景下, 应加强保护干预, 以促进新疆野杏种群更新。

关键词: 野杏, 新疆, 种群更新, 生境条件, 个体特征, 分布格局

Abstract:

Aims Exploring the growth status and spatial distribution pattern of regenerated naturally young plants of Xinjiang wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) population, which would provide a basis for protecting and artificially promoting the natural regeneration to this species.

Methods In this study, Daxigou (DXG) in Huocheng County, Xinghuagou (XHG) in Xinyuan County and Xiaomohu’ergou (XMHE) in Gongliu County were selected as the study sites. In order to fully understand the regeneration status of Prunus armeniaca population in the patchy, sparse and scattered habitats, forest understory, forest gap and forest glade were set sample plots in three study sites respectively. The distribution density, basal diameter, height and crown width of young plants were measured. The distribution type was determined by the method with 5 m × 5 m contiguous grid quadrats (7 aggregation indices). The aggregation intensity was calculated by point distribution pattern method.

Important findings The characteristics of natural regeneration young plants of Prunus armeniaca in Xinjiang were as follows: (1) The distribution density of XHG, DXG to XMHE was from high to low; the density in the forest gap is significantly higher than that in forest glade and forest understory. The average natural regeneration intensity of the population was 325 plants·hm^-2. (2) The basal diameter class of XMHE and DXG was significantly higher than that of XHG; and the one in the forest glade was significantly higher than that of forest understory and forest gap. The average basal diameter of natural regeneration of the population was about 1.7 cm. (3) The height of DXG and XMHE was significantly higher than that of XHG, and the one from the forest glade was significantly higher than that from forest understory and forest gap. The average height of natural regeneration of the population was 77.0 cm. (4) The crown breadth of DXG was significantly higher than that of XMHE and XHG, and the one in the forest glade was significantly higher than that of forest gap and understory. The average crown breadth of natural regeneration of the population was 38.7 cm. (5) There were 22 sample plots with young plants among all plots. In 5 m × 5 m quadrats, the proportions of aggregated, uniform and random distribution plots were 63.6%, 27.3% and 9.1% respectively. (6) In the point distribution pattern, the regeneration young plants were mostly aggregated in forest understory and forest glade. The aggregation intensity was the highest when the scale was 5-8 m, and it was mainly randomly distributed in the forest gap. When the scale was 1 m, the aggregation intensity was the highest, and its spatial pattern in different habitats was aggregated to random distribution. The results showed that both distribution area and habitat type could significantly affect the individual characteristics of young plants of wild apricot regeneration, and mixed forests types of DXG and XMHE were more conducive to the growth of young plants. The distribution number of regenerated young plants was seriously inhibited in forest understory. The forest gap was conducive to seed germination and planting, but the growth of young plants was hindered. The forest glade with condition was conducive to the growth and development of regenerated young plants. On the whole, the regeneration barriers of P. armeniacapopulation was obvious. The spatial distribution pattern of the existing regenerated young plants reflects the habitat change, survival stress, and grazing disturbance. In this context, more protective intervention should be enhanced to promote natural regeneration of P. armeniacapopulation.

Key words: Prunus armeniaca, Xinjiang, population renewal, habitat condition, individual characteristic, distribution pattern

石荡, 郭传超, 蒋南林, 唐莹莹, 郑凤, 王瑾, 廖康, 刘立强. 新疆野杏天然更新幼株的个体特征及空间分布格局. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(4): 515-529. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0089

SHI Dang, GUO Chuan-Chao, JIANG Nan-Lin, TANG Ying-Ying, ZHENG Feng, WANG Jin, LIAO Kang, LIU Li-Qiang. Characteristics and spatial distribution pattern of natural regeneration young plants of Prunus armeniaca in Xinjiang, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2023, 47(4): 515-529. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0089

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2023/V47/I4/515

图/表 13

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分布区域 Distribution area	样地 Sample plot	经度 Longitude (° E)	纬度 Latitude (° N)	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡向 Slope aspect (°)	坡位 Slope position	坡度 Slope gradient (°)	样地面积 Plot area (m²)	样方(5 m × 5 m)数量 Quadrat (5 m × 5 m) number
DXG	A1	80.78	44.44	1 216.9	178.3	下 Down	21.0	400.0	16
	A2	80.77	44.43	1 290.0	197.7	中 Middle	35.3	400.0	16
	A3	80.79	44.43	1 219.2	247.3	下 Down	11.7	400.0	16
	B1	80.78	44.44	1 228.0	177.6	下 Down	21.0	130.0	5
	B2	80.77	44.43	1 323.6	203.3	中 Middle	31.7	256.2	10
	B3	80.79	44.43	1 222.2	251.0	下 Down	10.7	144.5	5
	C1	80.78	44.44	1 242.5	180.7	中 Middle	25.7	896.2	35
	C2	80.77	44.43	1 324.2	167.3	中 Middle	25.7	1 011.0	40
	C3	80.79	44.43	1 240.1	225.0	中 Middle	23.7	1 058.0	42
XHG	A4	83.44	43.55	1 231.8	182.5	中 Middle	23.9	400.0	16
	A5	83.43	43.55	1 340.4	136.3	中 Middle	23.9	400.0	16
	A6	83.43	43.55	1 566.5	120.0	上 Up	27.5	400.0	16
	B4	83.44	43.54	1 205.2	151.3	下 Down	33.7	192.9	7
	B5	83.43	43.55	1 341.4	97.6	中 Middle	38.0	110.0	4
	B6	83.43	43.55	1 563.4	89.6	上 Up	41.7	143.1	5
	C4	83.44	43.55	1 291.0	163.7	中 Middle	24.3	911.0	36
	C5	83.43	43.55	1 459.3	191.3	上 Up	38.7	975.6	39
	C6	83.43	43.55	1 555.8	138.3	上 Up	37.0	1 065.0	42
XMHE	A7	82.73	43.19	1 360.8	232.3	中 Middle	28.0	400.0	16
	A8	82.72	43.21	1 293.9	81.3	下 Down	26.7	400.0	16
	A9	82.71	43.22	1 297.0	90.3	下 Down	34.7	400.0	16
	B7	82.73	43.19	1 360.8	234.6	中 Middle	18.3	207.5	8
	B8	82.72	43.21	1 289.5	161.7	下 Down	22.7	207.4	8
	B9	82.72	43.22	1 315.6	59.6	下 Down	35.0	179.8	7
	C7	82.73	43.19	1 345.8	231.3	中 Middle	22.0	889.2	35
	C8	82.72	43.21	1 326.0	92.0	下 Down	32.3	946.6	37
	C9	82.72	43.22	1 324.4	54.3	下 Down	37.3	1 115.0	44

分布区域 Distribution area	样地 Sample plot	经度 Longitude (° E)	纬度 Latitude (° N)	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡向 Slope aspect (°)	坡位 Slope position	坡度 Slope gradient (°)	样地面积 Plot area (m²)	样方(5 m × 5 m)数量 Quadrat (5 m × 5 m) number
DXG	A1	80.78	44.44	1 216.9	178.3	下 Down	21.0	400.0	16
	A2	80.77	44.43	1 290.0	197.7	中 Middle	35.3	400.0	16
	A3	80.79	44.43	1 219.2	247.3	下 Down	11.7	400.0	16
	B1	80.78	44.44	1 228.0	177.6	下 Down	21.0	130.0	5
	B2	80.77	44.43	1 323.6	203.3	中 Middle	31.7	256.2	10
	B3	80.79	44.43	1 222.2	251.0	下 Down	10.7	144.5	5
	C1	80.78	44.44	1 242.5	180.7	中 Middle	25.7	896.2	35
	C2	80.77	44.43	1 324.2	167.3	中 Middle	25.7	1 011.0	40
	C3	80.79	44.43	1 240.1	225.0	中 Middle	23.7	1 058.0	42
XHG	A4	83.44	43.55	1 231.8	182.5	中 Middle	23.9	400.0	16
	A5	83.43	43.55	1 340.4	136.3	中 Middle	23.9	400.0	16
	A6	83.43	43.55	1 566.5	120.0	上 Up	27.5	400.0	16
	B4	83.44	43.54	1 205.2	151.3	下 Down	33.7	192.9	7
	B5	83.43	43.55	1 341.4	97.6	中 Middle	38.0	110.0	4
	B6	83.43	43.55	1 563.4	89.6	上 Up	41.7	143.1	5
	C4	83.44	43.55	1 291.0	163.7	中 Middle	24.3	911.0	36
	C5	83.43	43.55	1 459.3	191.3	上 Up	38.7	975.6	39
	C6	83.43	43.55	1 555.8	138.3	上 Up	37.0	1 065.0	42
XMHE	A7	82.73	43.19	1 360.8	232.3	中 Middle	28.0	400.0	16
	A8	82.72	43.21	1 293.9	81.3	下 Down	26.7	400.0	16
	A9	82.71	43.22	1 297.0	90.3	下 Down	34.7	400.0	16
	B7	82.73	43.19	1 360.8	234.6	中 Middle	18.3	207.5	8
	B8	82.72	43.21	1 289.5	161.7	下 Down	22.7	207.4	8
	B9	82.72	43.22	1 315.6	59.6	下 Down	35.0	179.8	7
	C7	82.73	43.19	1 345.8	231.3	中 Middle	22.0	889.2	35
	C8	82.72	43.21	1 326.0	92.0	下 Down	32.3	946.6	37
	C9	82.72	43.22	1 324.4	54.3	下 Down	37.3	1 115.0	44

基本结构 Basic structure	等级 Grade
基本结构 Basic structure	I	II	III	IV	Ⅴ
基径 Basal diameter (cm)	≤1	(1, 2]	(2, 3]	(3, 5]	(5, 10]
高度 Height (cm)	≤30	(30, 60]	(60, 100]	(100, 200]	>200
冠幅 Canopy (cm)	≤25	(25, 50]	(50, 100]	(100, 150]	>150

基本结构 Basic structure	等级 Grade
基本结构 Basic structure	I	II	III	IV	Ⅴ
基径 Basal diameter (cm)	≤1	(1, 2]	(2, 3]	(3, 5]	(5, 10]
高度 Height (cm)	≤30	(30, 60]	(60, 100]	(100, 200]	>200
冠幅 Canopy (cm)	≤25	(25, 50]	(50, 100]	(100, 150]	>150

分布类型 Distribution pattern	格局指数 Pattern index
分布类型 Distribution pattern	C	I	m*	PAI	Ca	K	I_δ
聚集 Cluster	> 1	> 0	>$\bar{X}$	>1	>0	>0	>1
随机 Random	1	0	$\bar{X}$	1	0	0	1
均匀 Uniform	<1	<0	<$\bar{X}$	<1	<0	<0	<1