黄土高原生物结皮对地表粗糙度和灌草植物种子二次扩散的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2023.0072

植物生态学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (12): 1668-1683.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2023.0072

黄土高原生物结皮对地表粗糙度和灌草植物种子二次扩散的影响

张雪¹^,²^,³(), 韩凤朋¹^,²^,^*(), 肖波²^,⁴^,^*(), 沈思铭⁴

¹中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心, 陕西杨凌 712100
²中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所, 陕西杨凌 712100
³中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
⁴中国农业大学土地科学与技术学院, 北京 100193

收稿日期:2023-03-13 接受日期:2023-06-15 出版日期:2023-12-20 发布日期:2023-06-15
通讯作者: *(Han FP, hanxiangzi007@163.com; Xiao B, xiaobo@cau.edu.cn)
作者简介:张雪，ORCID：0009-0003-3173-0786
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(42077010);中国科学院“西部之光”人才培养引进计划项目(2019)

Effects of biocrusts on surface roughness and seed secondary dispersal of shrubs and grasses on the Loess Plateau, China

ZHANG Xue¹^,²^,³(), HAN Feng-Peng¹^,²^,^*(), XIAO Bo²^,⁴^,^*(), SHEN Si-Ming⁴

¹The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
²Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
³University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
⁴College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

Received:2023-03-13 Accepted:2023-06-15 Online:2023-12-20 Published:2023-06-15
Contact: *(Han FP, hanxiangzi007@163.com; Xiao B, xiaobo@cau.edu.cn)
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077010);“Light of West China” Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2019)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物结皮是黄土高原常见的地表覆被物, 在灌草群落下方及植被间空地上广泛发育, 深刻影响着灌草植物种子的二次扩散和定居, 但目前针对生物结皮对种子二次扩散影响的研究较少, 且种子二次扩散的主导因素尚不明确。该研究以风沙土和黄绵土上的生物结皮(藻结皮和藓结皮)为对象, 以无结皮为对照, 利用倾斜摄影测量法测定了地表粗糙度, 并通过风力扩散实验测定地表粗糙度对6种不同形态灌草植物种子的移位率、损失率和扩散距离的影响, 继而结合Spearman相关性分析, 研究灌草种子在生物结皮表面扩散的主导因素。研究结果表明: (1)与无结皮相比, 风沙土藻结皮和藓结皮的地表粗糙度分别增加了6.69倍和6.13倍, 黄绵土上分别增加了2.52倍和1.45倍。(2)风沙土上, 干燥条件下的地表粗糙度比湿润条件下增加了26.56%, 而在黄绵土上则降低了9.42%。(3)在干燥条件下, 风沙土生物结皮的地表粗糙度比黄绵土上增加了16.84%, 湿润条件下则降低了16.38%。(4)风沙土上, 种子在生物结皮表面的移位率、损失率和扩散距离分别比无结皮降低了77.1%、95.4%和72.2%, 在黄绵土上则分别降低了76.5%、93.8%和66.8%。土壤类型和干湿条件对生物结皮上种子扩散特征的影响不显著。(5)种子移位率、损失率和扩散距离与地表粗糙度极显著负相关, 种子移位率和损失率与土壤含水量显著负相关, 种子损失率和扩散距离均与种子密度显著负相关。综上, 黄土高原生物结皮主要通过增加地表粗糙度阻碍种子扩散, 增强种子聚集, 进而影响黄土高原灌草植被的空间分布特征与群落动态。

关键词: 种子扩散, 维管束植物, 地表粗糙度, 藻结皮, 藓结皮, 黄土高原

Abstract:

Aims In order to determine whether biocrusts enhance or impede the secondary dispersal of shrub and grass seeds and identify the key factors that influence seed dispersal, we simulated the process of seed secondary dispersal and measured relevant indicators such as the surface roughness of biocrusts.
Methods On the Loess Plateau, we established experimental plots on biocrusts (cyanobacteria- and moss- dominated crusts) and bare soils from aeolian sand and loess soil. For each selected plot, we utilized oblique photogrammetry to measure the surface roughness in both dry and wet conditions. All the treatments were studied in three replicates. Six species seeds of shrubs and grasses (Caragana korshinskii, Hedysarum scoparium, Artemisia ordosica, Setaria viridis, Xanthium sibiricum, and Bidens pilosa) with different morphological characteristics were selected for secondary dispersal experiments, and their seed displacement ratio (SDR), seed loss ratio (SLR), as well as seed displacement distance (SDD), were calculated following the experiments. The Spearman correlation analysis was then performed to identify the dominant factors.
Important findings (1) When compared with bare soils, the surface roughness of cyanobacteria- and moss-dominated crusts on aeolian sand soil increased by 6.69 and 6.13 times and by 2.52 and 1.45 times on loess soil, respectively. (2) Within contrast to wet conditions, the surface roughness of biocrusts increased by 26.56% on dry aeolian sand soil, whereas it reduced by 9.42% on dry loess soil. (3) The surface roughness of biocrusts of the aeolian sand soil rose by 16.84% under dry conditions and decreased by 16.38% under wet conditions compared with that on loess soil. (4) In comparison to bare soils, the SDR, SLR, and SDD of biocrusts dropped by 77.1%, 95.4%, and 72.2% on aeolian sand soil and by 76.5%, 93.8%, and 66.8% on loess soil, respectively. The characteristics of seed dispersal were not significantly affected by soil types or soil water conditions. (5) The SDR, SLR, and SDD were all significantly and negatively correlated with the surface roughness of biocrusts. However, only the SDR and SLR were significantly negatively linked to soil water content, and only the SLR and SDD were significantly negatively correlated with seed density. To summarize, biocrusts obstruct dispersal and enhance aggregation of seeds by increasing land surface roughness, thereby impacting the spatial structures and community dynamics of shrubs and grasses.

Key words: seed dispersal, vascular plant, surface roughness, cyanobacteria crust, moss crust, Loess Plateau

张雪, 韩凤朋, 肖波, 沈思铭. 黄土高原生物结皮对地表粗糙度和灌草植物种子二次扩散的影响. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(12): 1668-1683. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2023.0072

ZHANG Xue, HAN Feng-Peng, XIAO Bo, SHEN Si-Ming. Effects of biocrusts on surface roughness and seed secondary dispersal of shrubs and grasses on the Loess Plateau, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2023, 47(12): 1668-1683. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2023.0072

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2023/V47/I12/1668

图/表 14

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测定指标 Measurement	风沙土 Aeolian sand soil			黄绵土 Loess soil
测定指标 Measurement	无结皮 Bare soil	藻结皮 Cyano crusts	藓结皮 Moss crusts	无结皮 Bare soil	藻结皮 Cyano crusts	藓结皮 Moss crusts
结皮盖度 Biocrust coverage (%)	-	77.33 ± 5.83	78.13 ± 4.55	-	66.08 ± 9.49	86.55 ± 1.78
结皮厚度 Biocrust thickness (mm)	-	8.79 ± 0.74	12.41 ± 0.96	-	11.09 ± 1.75	11.45 ± 1.49
密度 Density (g·cm^-3)	1.57 ± 0.05	1.59 ± 0.02	1.42 ± 0.01	1.44 ± 0.03	1.28 ± 0.01	1.28 ± 0.06
黏粒(<2 μm)含量 Clay (<2 μm) content (%)	1.64 ± 0.06	1.88 ± 0.03	4.47 ± 0.07	11.51 ± 0.53	14.24 ± 0.60	14.86 ± 1.22
粉粒(2-50 μm)含量 Silt (2-50 μm) content (%)	3.58 ± 0.42	9.37 ± 0.35	16.65 ± 0.28	4.15 ± 1.14	7.22 ± 0.62	3.55 ± 1.15
砂粒(50-2 000 μm)含量 Sand (50-2 000 μm) content (%)	94.89 ± 0.61	88.75 ± 0.38	78.88 ± 0.35	84.34 ± 1.76	78.54 ± 0.64	81.59 ± 1.08

测定指标 Measurement	风沙土 Aeolian sand soil			黄绵土 Loess soil
测定指标 Measurement	无结皮 Bare soil	藻结皮 Cyano crusts	藓结皮 Moss crusts	无结皮 Bare soil	藻结皮 Cyano crusts	藓结皮 Moss crusts
结皮盖度 Biocrust coverage (%)	-	77.33 ± 5.83	78.13 ± 4.55	-	66.08 ± 9.49	86.55 ± 1.78
结皮厚度 Biocrust thickness (mm)	-	8.79 ± 0.74	12.41 ± 0.96	-	11.09 ± 1.75	11.45 ± 1.49
密度 Density (g·cm^-3)	1.57 ± 0.05	1.59 ± 0.02	1.42 ± 0.01	1.44 ± 0.03	1.28 ± 0.01	1.28 ± 0.06
黏粒(<2 μm)含量 Clay (<2 μm) content (%)	1.64 ± 0.06	1.88 ± 0.03	4.47 ± 0.07	11.51 ± 0.53	14.24 ± 0.60	14.86 ± 1.22
粉粒(2-50 μm)含量 Silt (2-50 μm) content (%)	3.58 ± 0.42	9.37 ± 0.35	16.65 ± 0.28	4.15 ± 1.14	7.22 ± 0.62	3.55 ± 1.15
砂粒(50-2 000 μm)含量 Sand (50-2 000 μm) content (%)	94.89 ± 0.61	88.75 ± 0.38	78.88 ± 0.35	84.34 ± 1.76	78.54 ± 0.64	81.59 ± 1.08

物种 Species	质量 Mass (mg·seed^-1)	长 Length (mm)	宽 Width (mm)	高 Height (mm)	表面积 Area (mm²)	体积 Volume (mm³)	密度 Density (mg·mm^-3)	平面度 Flatness	附属物及黏液 Appendix or mucilage
柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii	50.77 ± 13.87^b	6.20 ± 0.85^b	3.79 ± 0.38^b	3.01 ± 0.42^b	23.66 ± 4.68^b	71.80 ± 20.10^b	0.71 ± 0.08^a	1.69 ± 0.28^c	无 None
细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium	20.51 ± 8.74^c	5.50 ± 0.54^b	3.88 ± 0.41^b	3.30 ± 0.48^b	21.43 ± 3.55^b	71.69 ± 20.01^b	0.28 ± 0.07^c	1.44 ± 0.18^d	表面有白色密毡毛 White dense hairs on surface
黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica	0.76 ± 0.11^d	2.16 ± 0.25^c	1.09 ± 0.13^d	0.77 ± 0.10^d	2.36 ± 0.17^d	1.81 ± 0.10^b	0.42 ± 0.05^b	2.12 ± 0.19^b	分泌黏液 Mucilage secretion
狗尾草 Setaria viridis	1.18 ± 0.17^d	2.50 ± 0.26^c	1.59 ± 0.17^c	1.21 ± 0.16^c	3.96 ± 0.20^d	4.78 ± 0.51^b	0.25 ± 0.05^cd	1.69 ± 0.09^c	无 None
苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	127.93 ± 43.36^a	15.00 ± 1.71^a	7.13 ± 0.75^a	6.61 ± 0.69^a	108.21 ± 19.66^a	724.67 ± 192.76^a	0.19 ± 0.11^d	1.69 ± 0.15^c	具钩状硬刺 Hooked spine
鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	5.29 ± 0.38^cd	14.37 ± 2.37^a	0.96 ± 0.10^d	0.85 ± 0.09^d	13.73 ± 1.57^c	11.64 ± 1.78^b	0.45 ± 0.08^b	9.04 ± 0.59^a	顶端具倒刺 Barbed spine on head

物种 Species	质量 Mass (mg·seed^-1)	长 Length (mm)	宽 Width (mm)	高 Height (mm)	表面积 Area (mm²)	体积 Volume (mm³)	密度 Density (mg·mm^-3)	平面度 Flatness	附属物及黏液 Appendix or mucilage
柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii	50.77 ± 13.87^b	6.20 ± 0.85^b	3.79 ± 0.38^b	3.01 ± 0.42^b	23.66 ± 4.68^b	71.80 ± 20.10^b	0.71 ± 0.08^a	1.69 ± 0.28^c	无 None
细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium	20.51 ± 8.74^c	5.50 ± 0.54^b	3.88 ± 0.41^b	3.30 ± 0.48^b	21.43 ± 3.55^b	71.69 ± 20.01^b	0.28 ± 0.07^c	1.44 ± 0.18^d	表面有白色密毡毛 White dense hairs on surface
黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica	0.76 ± 0.11^d	2.16 ± 0.25^c	1.09 ± 0.13^d	0.77 ± 0.10^d	2.36 ± 0.17^d	1.81 ± 0.10^b	0.42 ± 0.05^b	2.12 ± 0.19^b	分泌黏液 Mucilage secretion
狗尾草 Setaria viridis	1.18 ± 0.17^d	2.50 ± 0.26^c	1.59 ± 0.17^c	1.21 ± 0.16^c	3.96 ± 0.20^d	4.78 ± 0.51^b	0.25 ± 0.05^cd	1.69 ± 0.09^c	无 None
苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	127.93 ± 43.36^a	15.00 ± 1.71^a	7.13 ± 0.75^a	6.61 ± 0.69^a	108.21 ± 19.66^a	724.67 ± 192.76^a	0.19 ± 0.11^d	1.69 ± 0.15^c	具钩状硬刺 Hooked spine
鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	5.29 ± 0.38^cd	14.37 ± 2.37^a	0.96 ± 0.10^d	0.85 ± 0.09^d	13.73 ± 1.57^c	11.64 ± 1.78^b	0.45 ± 0.08^b	9.04 ± 0.59^a	顶端具倒刺 Barbed spine on head

因素 Factor	Type III 平方和 Type III sum of squares	df	均方 Mean square	F	p
土壤类型 Soil type (ST)	20.722	1	20.722	2.826	0.095
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT)	3 172.827	2	1 586.414	216.336	<0.001
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC)	2.783	1	2.783	0.380	0.539
ST × BT	132.760	2	66.380	9.052	<0.001
ST × SWC	70.176	1	70.176	9.570	0.002
BT × SWC	36.991	2	18.496	2.522	0.084
ST × BT × SWC	22.225	2	11.112	1.515	0.223

黄土高原生物结皮对地表粗糙度和灌草植物种子二次扩散的影响

Effects of biocrusts on surface roughness and seed secondary dispersal of shrubs and grasses on the Loess Plateau, China

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因素 Factor	柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii	细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium	黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	鬼针草 Bidens pilosa
土壤类型 Soil type (ST)	18.500^**	4.457^*	42.843^**	13.481^**	0.411	9.630^**
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT)	95.716^**	76.847^**	171.471^**	89.321^**	30.763^**	127.516^**
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC)	0.054	0.903	11.934^**	1.679	1.931	0.130
ST × BT	8.608^**	0.279	36.099^**	2.487	1.106	2.661
ST × SWC	0.216	0.546	2.678	0.187	4.571^*	0.047
BT × SWC	0.095	0.033	16.099^**	0.796	0.500	2.505
ST × BT × SWC	0.257	0.145	2.777	1.402	0.260	0.109

水分条件 Soil water condition	土壤类型 Soil type	结皮类型 Biocrust type	柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii	细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium	黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	总体 Total
干燥 Dry	风沙土 Aeolian sand soil	无结皮 Bare soil	100.0^Aa	100.0^Aa	100.0^Aa	100.0^Aa	100.0^Aa	96.7 ± 2.9^Aa	99.4 ± 0.5^Aa
		藻结皮 Cyano crusts	6.7 ± 7.6^Ab	38.3 ± 10.4^Ab	1.7 ± 2.9^Ab	11.7 ± 10.4^Ab	63.3 ± 16.1^Ab	16.7 ± 2.9^Ab	23.1 ± 1.9^Ab
		藓结皮 Moss crusts	1.7 ± 2.9^Ab	25.0 ± 21.8^Ab	1.7 ± 2.9^Ab	25.0 ± 30.4^Ab	43.3 ± 14.4^Ab	20.0 ± 17.3^Ab	19.4 ± 13.6^Ab
	黄绵土 Loess soil	无结皮 Bare soil	50.0 ± 42.7^Aa	91.7 ± 14.4^Aa	58.3 ± 27.5^Aa	76.7 ± 36.2^Aa	98.3 ± 2.9^Aa	70.0 ± 26.5^Aa	74.2 ± 23.5^Ba
		藻结皮 Cyano crusts	3.3 ± 5.8^Ab	26.7 ± 12.6^Ab	0^Ab	6.7 ± 2.9^Ab	66.7 ± 27.5^Aa	10.0 ± 5.0^Ab	18.9 ± 7.3^Ab
		藓结皮 Moss crusts	0^Ab	23.3 ± 20.2^Ab	0^Ab	3.3 ± 2.9^Ab	65.0 ± 17.3^Aa	15.0 ± 10.0^Ab	17.8 ± 3.8^Ab
湿润 Wet	风沙土 Aeolian sand soil	无结皮 Bare soil	96.7 ± 5.8^Aa	96.7 ± 2.9^Aa	80.0 ± 5.0^Aa	100.0^Aa	100.0^Aa	91.7 ± 7.6^Aa	94.2 ± 1.7^Aa
		藻结皮 Cyano crusts	16.7 ± 12.6^Ab	38.3 ± 34.0^Ab	6.7 ± 11.5^Ab	18.3 ± 12.6^Ab	75.0 ± 8.7^Ab	31.7 ± 7.6^Ab	31.1 ± 10.4^Ab
		藓结皮 Moss crusts	5.0 ± 5.0^Ab	25.0 ± 15.0^Ab	0^Ab	5.0 ± 5.0^Ab	43.3 ± 16.1^Ac	11.7 ± 5.8^Ac	15.0 ± 6.3^Ab
	黄绵土 Loess soil	无结皮 Bare soil	50.0 ± 18.0^Ba	88.3 ± 10.4^Aa	8.3 ± 7.6^Ba	53.3 ± 17.6^Ba	86.7 ± 2.9^Ba	70.0 ± 8.7^Ba	59.4 ± 8.3^Ba
		藻结皮 Cyano crusts	0^Ab	16.7 ± 5.8^Ab	1.7 ± 2.9^Aa	5.0 ± 0.0^Ab	51.7 ± 28.4^Aab	21.7 ± 12.6^Ab	16.1 ± 8.0^Ab
		藓结皮 Moss crusts	0^Ab	10.0 ± 10.0^Ab	1.7 ± 2.9^Aa	1.7 ± 2.9^Ab	36.7 ± 15.3^Ab	10.0 ± 8.7^Ab	10.0 ± 4.6^Ab

因素 Factor	柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii	细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium	黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	鬼针草 Bidens pilosa
土壤类型 Soil type (ST)	1.000	19.973^**	26.694^**	69.015^**	29.070^**	13.255^**
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT)	1.000	29.836^**	51.361^**	147.776^**	19.086^**	18.618^**
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC)	1.000	0.247	2.250	0.537	0.070	1.473
ST × BT	1.000	17.836^**	26.694^**	49.358^**	18.102^**	13.309^**
ST × SWC	1.000	0.110	0.028	0.239	0.195	0.018
BT × SWC	1.000	0.082	2.250	0.313	0.445	0.655
ST × BT × SWC	1.000	0.110	0.028	0.104	1.367	0.073

因素 Factor	柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii	细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium	黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	鬼针草 Bidens pilosa
土壤类型 Soil type (ST)	5.605^*	2.770	8.282^**	4.780^**	10.118^**	10.118^**
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT)	2.984	13.812^**	39.594^**	11.290^**	25.995^**	25.995^**
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC)	0.699	0.073	0.053	0.454	0.021	0.021
ST × BT	1.228	1.743	7.767^**	0.986	7.737^**	7.737^**
ST × SWC	0.867	0.429	0.009	3.985	1.565	1.565
BT × SWC	1.082	0.093	0.096	0.204	0.752	0.752
ST × BT × SWC	0.971	1.318	0.011	2.704	0.979	0.979

种子扩散特征 Seed dispersal characteristic	地表粗糙度 Surface roughness (%)	土壤含水量 Soil moisture (%)	质量 Mass (mg)	长 Length (mm)	宽 Width (mm)	高 Height (mm)	表面积 Area (mm²)	体积 Volume (mm³)	密度 Density (mg·mm^-3)	平面度 Flatness
种子移位率 SDR (%)	-0.689^**	-0.422^*	0.657	0.714	0.600	0.771	0.657	0.657	-0.600	-0.395
种子损失率 SLR (%)	-0.643^**	-0.395^*	-0.200	-0.314	0.314	0.257	-0.200	-0.200	-0.829^*	-0.516
种子扩散距离 SDD (cm)	-0.699^**	-0.283	0.029	0.086	0.314	0.371	0.029	0.029	-0.886^*	-0.334

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