植物生态学报 ›› 2010, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (7): 800-810.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.07.005
唐丽霞1,3,*(), 张志强1,**(), 王新杰2, 王盛萍4, 查同刚1
收稿日期:
2009-10-13
接受日期:
2010-03-01
出版日期:
2010-10-13
发布日期:
2010-07-01
通讯作者:
张志强
作者简介:
** E-mail: zhqzhang@bjfu.edu.cnTANG Li-Xia1,3,*(), ZHANG Zhi-Qiang1,**(), WANG Xin-Jie2, WANG Sheng-Ping4, ZHA Tong-Gang1
Received:
2009-10-13
Accepted:
2010-03-01
Online:
2010-10-13
Published:
2010-07-01
Contact:
ZHANG Zhi-Qiang
摘要:
水资源短缺是黄土高原面临的最为关键的一个生态环境问题。研究黄土高原地区河川径流演变对土地利用与气候变化的响应是开展适应性流域管理的基础。该文以黄河流域中游山西省吉县境内的清水河流域(面积436 km2)为研究对象, 采用非参数统计秩检验法(Mann-Kendall)、滑动t检验和跃变参数分析法, 对该流域1959-2005年的年径流量、降水量和潜在蒸发散量进行了趋势分析和突变点验证; 用遥感数据判读和解译的结果分析了该流域不同时期土地利用变化; 在此基础上根据水量平衡原理, 分析了土地利用变化和气候变化对流域径流变化的贡献, 并采用FDC曲线法分析了二者对高、中、低流量变化的影响。研究结果表明: 该流域年径流量在1959-2005年的47年间呈显著下降趋势, 突变点出现在1980年, 但该流域降水量没有出现明显的趋势性变化, 而以Hamon公式计算的流域年潜在蒸发散则呈显著上升趋势, 其突变点出现在1997年。该流域气候变化和土地利用变化对年径流减少的贡献率分别为46.79%和53.21%。综合以上结果可以看出, 潜在蒸发散增加和乔木林地面积增加是导致该流域径流减少的重要原因。
唐丽霞, 张志强, 王新杰, 王盛萍, 查同刚. 晋西黄土高原丘陵沟壑区清水河流域径流对土地利用与气候变化的响应. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(7): 800-810. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.07.005
TANG Li-Xia, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang, WANG Xin-Jie, WANG Sheng-Ping, ZHA Tong-Gang. Streamflow response to climate and landuse changes in Qingshui River watershed in the loess hilly-gully region of Western Shanxi Province, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(7): 800-810. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.07.005
图2 年径流量、潜在蒸发散和降水量变化及其各自的线性趋势。
Fig. 2 Annual variation of streamflow, potential evapotranspiration, and precipitation with their respective linear regression line.
图3 1960-2005年清水河流域年径流量、潜在蒸发散、降水量趋势分析。 A-C, 径流量、潜在蒸发散、降水量Mann-Kendall检验曲线。D-F, 径流量、潜在蒸发散、降水量滑动t检验曲线。C1, Mann-Kendall统计值组成的曲线; C2, Mann-Kendall反序列统计值组成的曲线; T, 滑动t检验的统计值; α, 显著性水平。
Fig. 3 Trend of annual streamflow, potential evapotranspiration, and precipitation in Qingshui River watershed from 1960 to 2005. A-C, The Mann-Kendall curves of streamflow, potential evapotranspiration, and precipitation, respectively. D-F, The Moving t-test curves of streamflow, potential evapotranspiration, and precipitation, respectively. C1, the curve of statistics of Mann-Kendall; C2, the curve of deserialized statistics of Mann-Kendall; T, statistics of Moving t-test; α, significance level.
年份 Year | 农地 Cropland | 乔木林地 Woodland | 灌木林地 Shrubland | 荒草地 Grassland | 居民区 Residential area | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
面积 Area (km2) | 1959 | 105.12 | 12.38 | 97.97 | 220.14 | 0.44 |
1986 | 44.52 | 115.71 | 91.12 | 183.86 | 0.78 | |
2007 | 37.28 | 129.19 | 116.89 | 157.70 | 2.88 | |
面积变化率 Area change rate (%) | 1959-1986 | -57.67 | 835.41 | -6.99 | -16.46 | 83.36 |
1986-2007 | -34.09 | 11.64 | 28.29 | -14.23 | 268.71 | |
1959-2007 | -72.10 | 944.27 | 19.33 | -28.35 | 576.07 |
表1 不同土地利用类型的面积及面积变化率
Table 1 Area and the change rate of area of different land use types
年份 Year | 农地 Cropland | 乔木林地 Woodland | 灌木林地 Shrubland | 荒草地 Grassland | 居民区 Residential area | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
面积 Area (km2) | 1959 | 105.12 | 12.38 | 97.97 | 220.14 | 0.44 |
1986 | 44.52 | 115.71 | 91.12 | 183.86 | 0.78 | |
2007 | 37.28 | 129.19 | 116.89 | 157.70 | 2.88 | |
面积变化率 Area change rate (%) | 1959-1986 | -57.67 | 835.41 | -6.99 | -16.46 | 83.36 |
1986-2007 | -34.09 | 11.64 | 28.29 | -14.23 | 268.71 | |
1959-2007 | -72.10 | 944.27 | 19.33 | -28.35 | 576.07 |
基准段(1960-1980年) Baseline period (1960-1980) | 变化段(1981-2005年) Changed period (1981-2005) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 变异系数 CV (%) | 平均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 变异系数CV (%) | ||
径流量 Streamflow | 2.15×107 m3 | 1.04×107 m3 | 0.48 | 8.7×106 m3 | 2.78×106 m3 | 0.32 | |
潜在蒸发散 Potential evapotranspiration | 800.09 mm | 16.85 mm | 0.02 | 815.58 mm | 36.81 mm | 0.04 | |
降水量 Pricipitation | 552.30 mm | 137.48 mm | 0.25 | 528.50 mm | 95.41 mm | 0.18 |
表2 清水河流域年径流量、平均气温、潜在蒸发散及降水量的变化
Table 2 Variations of annual streamflow, mean temperature, potential evapotranspiration and precipitation in Qingshui River watershed
基准段(1960-1980年) Baseline period (1960-1980) | 变化段(1981-2005年) Changed period (1981-2005) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 变异系数 CV (%) | 平均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 变异系数CV (%) | ||
径流量 Streamflow | 2.15×107 m3 | 1.04×107 m3 | 0.48 | 8.7×106 m3 | 2.78×106 m3 | 0.32 | |
潜在蒸发散 Potential evapotranspiration | 800.09 mm | 16.85 mm | 0.02 | 815.58 mm | 36.81 mm | 0.04 | |
降水量 Pricipitation | 552.30 mm | 137.48 mm | 0.25 | 528.50 mm | 95.41 mm | 0.18 |
时段 Period | 降水量P (mm) | 潜在蒸发散E0 (mm) | 径流量 Q (mm) | $\Delta {{Q}^{tot}}^{{}}$(mm) | $\Delta {{\overline{Q}}^{c\lim }}$(mm) | $\Delta {{\overline{Q}}^{LUCC}}$(mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1960-1980 | 552.3 | 800.09 | 50.98 | -32.29 | -15.11 | -17.18 |
1981-2005 | 528.5 | 815.58 | 18.69 |
表3 清水河流域气候及土地利用变化对径流的影响
Table 3 Effects of climate and landuse change on streamflow in the Qingshui River watershed
时段 Period | 降水量P (mm) | 潜在蒸发散E0 (mm) | 径流量 Q (mm) | $\Delta {{Q}^{tot}}^{{}}$(mm) | $\Delta {{\overline{Q}}^{c\lim }}$(mm) | $\Delta {{\overline{Q}}^{LUCC}}$(mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1960-1980 | 552.3 | 800.09 | 50.98 | -32.29 | -15.11 | -17.18 |
1981-2005 | 528.5 | 815.58 | 18.69 |
图4 基准段和变化段日径流量的累计频率曲线(用对数曲线表示)。
Fig. 4 Accumulated frequency distribution curve of baseline period and changed period (expressed as logarithmic curve).
图5 1960-2005年清水河流域不同流量径流趋势。 C1、C2、T、α同图3。
Fig. 5 Trend of different flow of annual streamflow in Qingshui River watershed from 1960 to 2005. C1, C2, T, α see Fig. 3.
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