黄土高原半干旱和半湿润地区刺槐林地生物量与土壤干燥化效应的模拟

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.03.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黄土高原人工刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林地深层土壤干燥化现象普遍发生, 日益严峻地威胁着人工植被建设成效。分析和比较半干旱和半湿润地区刺槐林地生物量演变趋势、深层土壤干燥化发生规律和区域分布特征差异, 能够为黄土高原因地制宜地营造刺槐林提供科学依据。在WinEPIC模型气象、土壤和作物参数数据库组建与模拟精度验证的基础上, 应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了1957-2001年黄土高原半湿润地区洛川和长武、半干旱地区延安和固原等地1-45年生刺槐林地生物量演变规律和深层土壤干燥化效应。结果表明: 洛川、长武、延安和固原的刺槐林地连年净生产力模拟值在5-8年生时达到最大值后, 随着降水量年际波动呈现出明显的波动性降低趋势, 其平均值分别为5.33 × 10³、4.56 × 10³、4.03 × 10³和3.35 × 10³kg·hm^-2·a^-1; 1-7年生刺槐林地年耗水量高于同期年降水量, 导致林地0-10 m土层土壤强烈干燥化, 洛川、长武、延安和固原刺槐林地年均土壤干燥化速率分别为164.3、165.7、187.1和190.0 mm·a^-1, 8-45年生刺槐林地有效含水量在0-250 mm的较低水平上随降水量变化而波动; 1-9年生刺槐林地0-10 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布变化剧烈, 土壤湿度逐年降低且土壤干层逐年加厚, 7-9年生时土壤干层厚度已经超过10 m, 8-45年生刺槐林地2-10 m土层土壤湿度保持相对稳定的干燥化状态; 洛川和长武刺槐林地水分生产力较高且相对稳定, 刺槐林地生长期可以超过45年; 而延安和固原刺槐林地水分生产力较低且稳定性差, 刺槐林稳定生长期不超过40年。

关键词: 生物量, 刺槐, 土壤干燥化, 黄土高原, WinEPIC模型

Abstract:

Aims Deep soil desiccation so commonly occurs in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) forestlands of China’s Loess Plateau that it increasingly counteracts artificial vegetation construction. We analyzed and compared black locust forestlands under different rainfall regions in the Loess Plateau in terms of biomass and incidence and regional distribution of deep soil desiccation in order to provide scientific foundations for constructing black locust forestlands according to local conditions of the Loess Plateau.

Methods Based on datasets of weather, soil and crop parameters and simulation precision verification, we researched biomass and deep soil desiccation in the 1- to 45-year-old block of black locust forestlands of Luochuan and Changwu in the semi-humid region and Yan’an and Guyuan in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau from 1957 to 2001 using the WinEPIC model.

Important findings In Luochuan, Changwu, Yan’an and Guyuan, simulated annual net productivities of the 1- to 45-year-old black locust forestlands averaged 5.33 × 10³, 4.56 × 10³, 4.03 × 10³ and 3.35 × 10³ kg·hm^-2·a^-1, respectively. Productivity peaked when forestlands were 5- to 8-year-old and then tended to decrease in a pattern that followed the fluctuation of annual rainfall. In 1- to 7-year-old forestlands, annual water consumptions were higher than annual rainfalls, which resulted in soil drying at 0-10 m depth; soil desiccation rates in Luochuan, Changwu, Yan’an and Guyuan were 164.3, 165.7, 187.1 and 190.0 mm per year, respectively. In 8- to 45-year-old forestlands, the available water fluctuated at a low level within 0-250 mm as annual rainfalls varied. In 1- to 9-year-old forestlands, the 0-10 m soil humidity profiles sharply varied, with annual declines and thickening of dry soil layers. In 7- to 9-year-old forestlands dry soil layers exceeded 10 m thick, and in 8- to 45-year-old forestlands the dry soil layers had relatively stable water humidity. In forestlands of Luochuan and Changwu, the annual net productivities were high and relatively stable, and the growth periods of black locust could exceed 45 years. In forestlands of Yan’an and Guyuan, the annual net productivities were low and instable, and stable growth periods did not exceed 40 years.

Key words: biomass, Robinia pseudoacacia, soil desiccation, the Loess Plateau, WinEPIC model

李军, 王学春, 邵明安, 赵玉娟, 李小芳. 黄土高原半干旱和半湿润地区刺槐林地生物量与土壤干燥化效应的模拟. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(3): 330-339. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.03.010

LI Jun, WANG Xue-Chun, SHAO Ming-An, ZHAO Yu-Juan, LI Xiao-Fang. Simulation of biomass and soil desiccation of Robinia pseudoacacia forestlands on semi-arid and semi-humid regions of China’s Loess Plateau. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(3): 330-339. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.03.010

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.03.010

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2010/V34/I3/330

图/表 6

图1 不同林龄刺槐林地生物量模拟值与观测值比较。

Fig. 1 Comparison of simulated and observed biomass of different stand age black locust forestlands.

图2 各地实测年降水量(A)与模拟的刺槐林地干旱胁迫日数(B)、连年净生产力(C)和生物量(D)的变化。

Fig. 2 Changes of observed annual rainfall (A) and simulated water stress days (B), annual net productivity (C) and biomass (D) of black locust forestlands at four sites.

图3 黄土高原各地不同林龄刺槐林地连年净生产力模拟值比较。

Fig. 3 Comparison of simulated annual net productivity of different stand age black locust forestlands at four sites.

图4 各地刺槐林地0-10 m土层逐月土壤有效含水量模拟值变化动态。 A, 1-7年生。B, 8-26年生。C, 27-45年生。

Fig. 4 Changes of simulated available soil water content in 0-10 m soil layers on black locust forestlands at four sites. A, 1- to 7-year-old. B, 8- to 26-year-old. C, 27- to 45-year-old.

图5 黄土高原各地刺槐林地年耗水量模拟值变化。

Fig. 5 Changes of simulated annual water consumption of black locust forestlands at four sites of the Loess Plateau.

图6 黄土高原各地不同林龄刺槐林地0-10 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布变化比较。

Fig. 6 Comparison of soil moisture distribution changes in 0-10 m profiles on different stand age black locust forestlands at four sites of the Loess Plateau.

参考文献 35

[1]	Blackland Research and Extension Center (2006). User’s Guide for CroPMan (Crop Production and Management) Model (Version 4.0). http://cropman.brc.tamus.edu/downloads/user-manuals.aspx. Cited 5 May 2009
[2]	Chen HS (陈洪松), Wang KL (王克林), Shao MA (邵明安) (2005). A review on the effect of vegetation rehabilitation on the desiccation of deep soil layer on the Loess Plateau. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 41(4), 155-161. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]	Chen YM (陈云明), Liang YM (梁一民), Cheng JM (程积民) (2002). Zonal character of vegetation construction on Loess Plateau. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 26, 339-345. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]	Chen YM (陈云明), Liu GB (刘国彬), Yang QK (杨勤科) (2004). Zonal characteristics of artificial forest effecting soil moisture on Loess Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources (自然资源学报), 19, 195-200. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	Cheng JM (程积民), Wan HE (万惠娥) (2002). Vegetation Construction, Soil and Water Conservation on Loess Plateau of China (中国黄土高原植被建设与水土保持). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[6]	Hou QC (侯庆春), Han RL (韩蕊莲), Han SF (韩仕峰) (1999). Initial research on “dried soil layer” of artificial forestland and grassland in Loess Plateau. Soil and Water Conservation of China (中国水土保持), 20(5), 11-14. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]	Li J (李军), Shao MA (邵明安), Zhang XC (张兴昌) (2004a). Simulation equations for soil water transfer and use in the EPIC model. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 22(2), 72-75. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]	Li J (李军), Shao MA (邵明安), Zhang XC (张兴昌) (2005). Simulation equations for soil nitrogen and phosphorus transfer and crop nutrition in the EPIC model. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 11(2), 166-173. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]	Li J (李军), Shao MA (邵明安), Zhang XC (张兴昌), Williams JR (2004b). Simulation equations for crop growth and yield formation in the EPIC model. Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition) (西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)), 32(Suppl.), 25-30. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]	Li J (李军), Shao MA (邵明安), Zhang XC (张兴昌) (2004c). Databases construct for the EPIC model on the Loess Plateau region. Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition) (西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)), 32(8), 21-26. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]	Li J (李军), Shao MA (邵明安), Zhang XC (张兴昌) (2004d). Simulation of water potential productivity of winter wheat and soil water dynamics on rainfed highland of the Loess Plateau. Journal of Natural Recourses (自然资源学报), 19, 738-746. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	Li J (李军), Shao MA (邵明安), Zhang XC (张兴昌), Li SQ (李世清) (2007). Simulation of soil desiccation and yield fluctuation of high yield maize field on rainfed highland of the Loess Plateau. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 15(2), 54-58. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]	Li J, Chen B, Li XF, Zhao YJ, Ciren YJ, Jiang B, Hu W, Cheng JM, Shao MA (2008). Effects of deep soil desiccation on artificial forestlands in different vegetation zones on the Loess Plateau of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 28, 1429-1445. DOI URL
[14]	Li J (李军), Wang XC (王学春), Shao MA (邵明安), Zhao YJ (赵玉娟), Li XF (李小芳) (2008). Simulation of water productivity and soil desiccation effects of different planting density black locust forestlands on the Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 28, 3125-3142. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]	Li KR (李凯荣), Wang YM (王佑民) (1992). Research of soil water characters and productivity of black locust tree forestlands on highland and gully areas of Loess Plateau. In: Natural Resources and Environmental Scientific Bureau of Chinese Academy of Sciences ed. Comprehensive Management and Development of Small Watersheds on Loess Plateau (黄土高原小流域综合治理与发展), Scientific and Technical Documents Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[16]	Li YS (李玉山) (1983). Characters of soil water cycling and its influences on land water cycling of the loess region of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 3(2), 91-101. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	Li YS (李玉山) (2001). Effects of forest on water cycle on the Loess Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources (自然资源学报), 16, 427-432. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	Li YS (李玉山), Su SM (苏陕民) (1991). Comprehensive Study on High Efficiency Eco-economic Systems of Wangdonggou at Changwu County (长武王东沟高效生态经济系统综合研究). Scientific and Technical Documents Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[19]	Mu XM (穆兴民), Xu XX (徐学选), Wang WL (王文龙), Wen ZM (温仲明), Du F (杜峰) (2003). Impact of artificial forest on soil moisture of the deep soil layer on Loess Plateau. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 40, 210-217. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	Texas Agriculture & Machinery Blackland Research Center (2006). Researcher’s Guide for WinEPIC, Version 3.0. http://winepic.brc.tamus.edu/downloads/user-manuals.aspx. Cited 5 May 2009
[21]	The National Soil Survey and Investigation Office (全国土壤普查办公室) (1995). Records of Chinese Soil Survey. Vol. 5 (中国土种志第5卷). Chinese Agriculture Press, Beijing. 244-254. (in Chinese)
[22]	Soil Survey and Investigation Office of Shaanxi Province (陕西省土壤普查办公室) (1992). Soils of Shaanxi Province (陕西土壤). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[23]	Wang JX (王进鑫), Huang BL (黄宝龙), Luo WX (罗伟祥) (2004). Compensation and rehabilitation characteristics of soil water deficit at a planted forest site of drought prone Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 24, 2395-2401. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]	Wang L (王力), Shao MA (邵明安), Zhang QF (张青峰) (2004). Distribution and characters of soil dry layer in northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 15, 436-442. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]	Wang MB (王孟本), Li HJ (李洪建) (2001). Research of Water Ecology on Artificial Forestlands of Loess Plateau (黄土高原人工林地水分生态研究). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[26]	Wang ZQ (王志强), Liu BY (刘宝元), Zhang Y (张岩) (2008). Effects of different vegetation types on soil moisture in deep loess soil profiles. Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报), 63, 703-713. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]	Williams JR, Jones CA, Kiniry JR, Spanel DA (1989). The EPIC crop growth model. Transaction of American Society of Agricultural Engineering, 32, 475-511.
[28]	Williams JR, Wang E, Meinardus A, Harman WL, Siemers M, Atwood GJ (2006). EPIC Users Guide, Version 0509. http://epicapex.brc.tamus.edu/downloads/user-manuals.aspx. Cited 5 May 2009
[29]	Wu QX (吴钦孝), Yang WZ (杨文治) (1998). The Vegetation Construction and Sustainable Development of the Loess Plateau (黄土高原植被建设与可持续发展). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[30]	Yang WX (杨维西) (1996). The preliminary discussion on soil desiccation of artificial vegetation in the northern region of China. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 32(1), 78-84. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]	Yang WZ (杨文治) (2001). Soil water resources and afforestation in Loess Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources (自然资源学报), 16, 433-438. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]	Yang WZ (杨文治), Shao MA (邵明安) (2000). Research on Soil Water of the Loess Plateau (黄土高原土壤水分研究). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[33]	Yu XX (余新晓), Zhang JJ (张建军), Zhu JZ (朱金兆) (1996). Analysis and evaluation on soil water conditions of conservation forest ecosystem of Loess Plateau region. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 32(4), 289-296. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]	Zhao HW (赵宏伟), Li BC (李宝船) (2000). Analysis of growth of firewood forest of black locust in Jingchuan County. Protection Forest Science and Technology (防护林科技), (1), 17-19. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]	Zhao YJ (赵玉娟), Li J (李军), Wang XC (王学春), Li XF (李小芳), Shao MA (邵明安) (2007). Simulation of water productivity and soil desiccation of artificial Pinus tabulaeformis forestland on the Loess Plateau. Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition) 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)), 35(7), 61-68. (in Chinese with English abstract)